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chief blow

  • 1 главный удар

    4) Construction: main shock
    5) Mass media: chief blow, the brunt

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > главный удар

  • 2 главен

    chief, main, principal, primary, major, head (attr.)
    тех. middle
    главен водопровод/газопровод/електропровод main
    главен вход a main entrance
    главен герой a chief/principal character, protagonist
    главен готвач chef, head cook
    главен град chief town, ( столица) capital (city)
    главен градинар head gardener
    главен директор director-general
    главен инженер chief/head engineer
    главен интендант quarter-master
    главен келнер head-waiter
    главен корен бот. tap-root
    главен лекар head physician, воен. chief medical officer
    главен помощник chief assistant
    главен предмет main subject
    ам. major/(на разговор и пр.) a staple topic of conversation
    главен принцип a main/leading principle
    главен проводник ел. lead
    главен продукт staple
    главен път highway
    главен редактор editor-in-chief
    главен свидетел a star witness
    главен секретар secretary general
    главен счетоводител accountant general
    главен удар воен. main attack/blow
    главен учител headmaster
    главен филм a feature film
    главна буква a capital (letter)
    разг. cap
    пиша с главни букви capitalize
    с главни букви in capitals, разг. in caps
    главна врата a main door
    главна гара a main/central station
    главна грижа prime preoccupation
    главна задача a main task
    главна квартира воен. headquarters
    главна счетоводна книга ledger
    главна подбуда a primary motive
    главна причина a main/an efficient/a root cause
    главна пружина master-spring
    главна работа primary business
    главна роля a principal/leading/star part; lead
    в главната роля Х starring Х
    главна тема a main theme, staple
    главна точка a principal/main point
    главна страст a ruling passion
    главна улица a main street, ( в по-мальк град) a high street
    главна храна a staple food
    главно изречение? рам. a principal/main clause
    главно управление a central board/administration, a head office
    главно ядене a principle meat
    главно ядене (блюдо) a main dish/course
    главни градове main cities, principle towns
    главни линия на развитие main lines of development
    главни (най-важни) подробности high-lights
    главни сили воен. main body/force
    главното сьщ. the chief/main/essential thing
    главният the boss, the one who runs the show.hired, engaged
    * * *
    гла̀вен,
    прил., -на, -но, -ни 1. chief, main, principal, primary, major, head (attr.); техн. middle; в \главенната роля Х starring X; \главенен водопровод/газопровод/електропровод main; \главенен вход main entrance; \главенен герой chief/principal character, protagonist; \главенен готвач chef, head cook; \главенен градинар head gardener; \главенен директор director-general; \главенен инженер chief/head engineer; \главенен интендант quarter-master; \главенен келнер head-waiter; \главенен корен бот. tap-root; \главенен лекар head physician, воен. chief medical officer; \главенен помощник chief assistant; \главенен предмет main subject; амер. major/(на разговор и пр.) staple topic of conversation; \главенен принцип main/leading principle; \главенен проводник ел. lead; \главенен продукт staple; \главенен прокурор chief public prosecutor; \главенен път highway; \главенен редактор editor-in-chief; \главенен свидетел a star witness; \главенен секретар secretary general; \главенен счетоводител accountant general; \главенен удар воен. main attack/blow; \главенен учител head-master; \главенен филм feature film; \главенна буква capital (letter); разг. cap; \главенна врата main door; \главенна гара main/central station; \главенна грижа prime preoccupation; \главенна задача a main task; \главенна квартира воен. head-quarters; \главенна подбуда primary motive; \главенна причина main/an efficient/root cause; \главенна пружина master-spring; \главенна роля principal/leading/star part; lead; \главенна страст ruling passion; \главенна счетоводна книга ledger; \главенната част (на съчинение) the body (of a work); \главенна тема main theme, staple; \главенна точка principal/main point; \главенна улица main street, (в по-малък град) high street; \главенна храна staple food; \главенни градове main cities, principle towns; \главенни линии на развитие main lines of development; \главенни ( най-важни) подробности high-lights; \главенни сили воен. main body/force; \главенно изречение език. principal/main clause; \главенно управление central board/administration, head office; \главенно ядене principle meal; \главенно ядене ( блюдо) main dish/course; пиша с \главенни букви capitalize; с \главенни букви in capitals, разг. in caps;
    2. като същ.: \главенното the chief/main/essential thing; \главенният жарг. the boss, the one who runs the show.
    ——————
    мин. страд. прич. hired, engaged.
    * * *
    boss; capital: главен entrance - главен вход; cardinal; grand{grEnd}; head; high; leading; magistral (воен.) (за укрепления)
    * * *
    1. chief, main, principal, primary, major, head (attr.) 2. ГЛАВЕН водопровод/ газопровод/електропровод main 3. ГЛАВЕН вход a main entrance 4. ГЛАВЕН герой a chief/principal character, protagonist 5. ГЛАВЕН готвач chef, head cook 6. ГЛАВЕН град chief town, (столица) capital (city) 7. ГЛАВЕН градинар head gardener 8. ГЛАВЕН директор director-general 9. ГЛАВЕН инженер chief/head engineer 10. ГЛАВЕН интендант quarter-master 11. ГЛАВЕН келнер head-waiter 12. ГЛАВЕН корен бот. tap-root 13. ГЛАВЕН лекар head physician, воен. chief medical officer 14. ГЛАВЕН помощник chief assistant 15. ГЛАВЕН предмет main subject 16. ГЛАВЕН принцип a main/leading principle 17. ГЛАВЕН проводник ел. lead 18. ГЛАВЕН продукт staple 19. ГЛАВЕН път highway 20. ГЛАВЕН редактор editor-in-chief 21. ГЛАВЕН свидетел a star witness 22. ГЛАВЕН секретар secretary general 23. ГЛАВЕН счетоводител accountant general 24. ГЛАВЕН удар воен. main attack/blow 25. ГЛАВЕН учител headmaster 26. ГЛАВЕН филм a feature film 27. ам. major/ (на разговор и np.) а staple topic of conversation 28. в главната роля Х starring Х 29. главна буква a capital (letter) 30. главна врата a main door 31. главна гара a main/central station 32. главна грижа prime preoccupation 33. главна задача a main task 34. главна квартира воен. headquarters 35. главна подбуда a primary motive 36. главна причина a main/an efficient/a root cause 37. главна пружина master-spring 38. главна работа primary business 39. главна роля a principal/ leading/star part;lead 40. главна счетоводна книга ledger 41. главна тема a main theme, staple 42. главна точка a principal/main point: главна страст a ruling passion 43. главна улица a main street, (в по-мальк град) a high street 44. главна храна a staple food 45. главната част (на съчинение) the body (of a work) 46. главни (най-важни) подробности high-lights 47. главни градове main cities, principle towns 48. главни линия на развитие main lines of development 49. главни сили воен. main body/ force 50. главният the boss, the one who runs the show.hired, engaged 51. главно изречение ?рам. а principal/main clause 52. главно управление a central board/administration, a head office 53. главно ядене (блюдо) a main dish/course 54. главно ядене a principle meat 55. главното сьщ. the chief/main/essential thing 56. пиша с главни букви capitalize 57. разг. cap 58. с главни букви in capitals, разг. in caps 59. тех. middle

    Български-английски речник > главен

  • 3 secador

    adj.
    drying.
    m.
    1 dryer (aparato).
    secador (de pelo) hair-dryer
    2 tea towel. ( Central American Spanish)
    3 drier, dryer, tumble-dryer.
    * * *
    1 dryer, drier
    2 (de pelo) hairdryer
    * * *
    SM drier, dryer

    secador centrífugo — spin drier, spin dryer

    secador de manos — hand drier, hand dryer

    secador de pelo — hairdrier, hairdryer

    * * *
    1) tb
    2) (Per) ( paño) dishtowel (AmE), tea towel (BrE); ( toalla) towel
    * * *
    = drier [dryer], dryer [drier], hairdryer, blow-dryer.
    Nota: También escrito blow-drier.
    Ex. The author list reprographic equipment suitable for use in libraries (copiers, cutting equipment, printing machines, collators, driers).
    Ex. The chief differences were the occasional use of thinners to weaken the ink, and of dryers to avoid problems of offset when machine speeds were high.
    Ex. Since then hairdryer design has transformed over time, largely influenced by changing fashions and society.
    Ex. As with all electrical devices, be cautious when using blow-dryers and flat-irons around water and/or children.
    ----
    * agente secador = drying agent.
    * lavadora-secadora = washer/dryer.
    * secadora de la ropa = clothes drier.
    * secador de pelo = hairdryer, blow-dryer.
    * * *
    1) tb
    2) (Per) ( paño) dishtowel (AmE), tea towel (BrE); ( toalla) towel
    * * *
    = drier [dryer], dryer [drier], hairdryer, blow-dryer.
    Nota: También escrito blow-drier.

    Ex: The author list reprographic equipment suitable for use in libraries (copiers, cutting equipment, printing machines, collators, driers).

    Ex: The chief differences were the occasional use of thinners to weaken the ink, and of dryers to avoid problems of offset when machine speeds were high.
    Ex: Since then hairdryer design has transformed over time, largely influenced by changing fashions and society.
    Ex: As with all electrical devices, be cautious when using blow-dryers and flat-irons around water and/or children.
    * agente secador = drying agent.
    * lavadora-secadora = washer/dryer.
    * secadora de la ropa = clothes drier.
    * secador de pelo = hairdryer, blow-dryer.

    * * *
    A
    tb secador de pelo hairdryer
    secador de manos hand drier, hand dryer
    B ( Per)
    1 (paño) dishtowel ( AmE), tea towel ( BrE)
    2 (toalla) towel
    * * *

    secador sustantivo masculino
    1 tb

    2 (Per) ( paño) dishtowel (AmE), tea towel (BrE);
    ( toalla) towel
    secador,-ora
    1 sustantivo masculino secador de manos, hand-dryer
    secador de pelo, hairdryer
    2 f (de ropa) tumble dryer
    ' secador' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    secadora
    - resistencia
    English:
    blow-dry
    - hairdrier
    - hairdryer
    - blow
    - hair
    * * *
    1. [aparato] dryer, drier;
    2. CAm [trapo] dishtowel, Br tea towel
    * * *
    m
    :
    secador (de pelo) hair dryer
    * * *
    : hair dryer
    * * *
    secador n hairdryer

    Spanish-English dictionary > secador

  • 4 главный

    1) прил. ( самый важный) main, chief; ( основной) principal

    гла́вный го́род (области и т.п.) — chief town; ( столица) capital

    гла́вная у́лица — main street

    гла́вный уда́р воен. — main blow / attack / thrust

    гла́вные си́лы воен. — main body sg, main forces

    гла́вное усло́вие — key condition

    2) прил. ( старший по положению) head (attr); chief

    гла́вный бухга́лтер — chief accountant; chief financial officer (сокр. CFO); comptroller [kən't-] офиц.

    гла́вный врач — chief physician; воен. chief medical officer

    гла́вный инжене́р — chief engineer, engineer-in-chief

    гла́вная конто́ра — head office

    гла́вное управле́ние — central authority / administration

    3) м. как сущ. chief; man in charge; boss

    оста́вить кого́-л за гла́вного — leave smb in charge

    кто здесь за гла́вного? — who is in charge here?

    4) с. как сущ. см. главное
    ••

    гла́вная кни́га бух. — ledger

    гла́вная кварти́ра воен. уст. — General Headquarters pl

    гла́вное предложение грам. — main clause

    гла́вным о́бразом — chiefly, mainly, principally

    Новый большой русско-английский словарь > главный

  • 5 главный

    1. прил. main, chief; ( основной) principal; ( старший) head (attr.)

    главный город — (области и т. п.) chief town; ( столица) capital

    главное управление — central administrative board, Chief Directorate

    главный врач — head physician; воен. chief medical officer; chief army doctor

    главный инженер — chief engineer, engineer-inn-chief

    главный бухгалтер — accountant general, chief accountant

    главный удар воен. — main blow / attack / thrust

    главные силы воен. — main body sg., main forces

    2. как сущ. с. the chief / main thing

    ♢ главным образом — chiefly, mainly, principally

    Русско-английский словарь Смирнитского > главный

  • 6 enérgico

    adj.
    1 energetic, strong, active, powerful.
    2 forceful, high-pressure, aggressive, drastic.
    * * *
    1 energetic, vigorous
    \
    en tono enérgico emphatically
    * * *
    (f. - enérgica)
    adj.
    * * *
    ADJ [persona] energetic, vigorous; [gesto, habla, tono] emphatic; [esfuerzo] determined; [ejercicio] strenuous; [campaña] vigorous, high-pressure; [medida, golpe] bold, drastic; [ataque] vigorous, strong; [protesta] forceful
    * * *
    - ca adjetivo
    a) ( físicamente) <ejercicio/movimiento> energetic, strenuous; < persona> energetic, vigorous
    b) (firme, resuelto) < carácter> forceful; <protesta/ataque> vigorous; < medidas> firm, strong; <desmentido/rechazo> flat, firm
    * * *
    = emphatic, energetic, forceful, assertive, aggressive, brisk [brisker -comp., briskest -sup.], spirited, vociferous, vocal, spry [spryer comp., spryest -sup.], sprightly [sprightlier -comp., sprightliest -sup.], power-packed.
    Ex. Her first hint that all was not well was with the sudden appearance of Consuelo Feng, whose no-nonsensen approach to her job was emphasized by the emphactic clicks of her heels along the highly polished terrazzo floors.
    Ex. She has been a vital and energetic voice in the movement to increase the sensitivity and responsibility of libraries to social issues, as well as a first-rate cataloger.
    Ex. The implications are that as resources are become scarcer, librarians will need to adopt more forceful attitudes.
    Ex. I tried to say at the very outset of my remarks that there probably has not been sufficient consumer-like and assertive leverage exerted upon our chief suppliers.
    Ex. Problem patrons include, but are not limited to, illiterates simply seeking shelter, alcoholics, the homeless, the mentally disturbed, aggressive young people, and those with offensive odours.
    Ex. The classic example quoted by Jourard is the brisk, super-efficient nurse, whose manner appears to be something that she puts on when she dons her uniform.
    Ex. Their aim was to mount a spirited attack on a consumer driven and marketeers' approach to reading and books, and on relativism and populism.
    Ex. The reaction came in 1978 -- a vociferous social demand for reading and learning, including a new interest in librarianship.
    Ex. Koelling has been a vocal advocate for successful digitization projects in the museum community.
    Ex. A spry 80 years young, Virginia has been painting murals for the last 50 years and a lot can be said for the advantages of experience.
    Ex. He was described as a ' sprightly nonagenarian' who was born in 1905.
    Ex. Eating these power-packed vegetables in their natural state especially garlic increases their health benefits.
    ----
    * enérgico, poderoso, contundente, potente, potentísimo, impetuoso, formidable = power-packed.
    * * *
    - ca adjetivo
    a) ( físicamente) <ejercicio/movimiento> energetic, strenuous; < persona> energetic, vigorous
    b) (firme, resuelto) < carácter> forceful; <protesta/ataque> vigorous; < medidas> firm, strong; <desmentido/rechazo> flat, firm
    * * *
    = emphatic, energetic, forceful, assertive, aggressive, brisk [brisker -comp., briskest -sup.], spirited, vociferous, vocal, spry [spryer comp., spryest -sup.], sprightly [sprightlier -comp., sprightliest -sup.], power-packed.

    Ex: Her first hint that all was not well was with the sudden appearance of Consuelo Feng, whose no-nonsensen approach to her job was emphasized by the emphactic clicks of her heels along the highly polished terrazzo floors.

    Ex: She has been a vital and energetic voice in the movement to increase the sensitivity and responsibility of libraries to social issues, as well as a first-rate cataloger.
    Ex: The implications are that as resources are become scarcer, librarians will need to adopt more forceful attitudes.
    Ex: I tried to say at the very outset of my remarks that there probably has not been sufficient consumer-like and assertive leverage exerted upon our chief suppliers.
    Ex: Problem patrons include, but are not limited to, illiterates simply seeking shelter, alcoholics, the homeless, the mentally disturbed, aggressive young people, and those with offensive odours.
    Ex: The classic example quoted by Jourard is the brisk, super-efficient nurse, whose manner appears to be something that she puts on when she dons her uniform.
    Ex: Their aim was to mount a spirited attack on a consumer driven and marketeers' approach to reading and books, and on relativism and populism.
    Ex: The reaction came in 1978 -- a vociferous social demand for reading and learning, including a new interest in librarianship.
    Ex: Koelling has been a vocal advocate for successful digitization projects in the museum community.
    Ex: A spry 80 years young, Virginia has been painting murals for the last 50 years and a lot can be said for the advantages of experience.
    Ex: He was described as a ' sprightly nonagenarian' who was born in 1905.
    Ex: Eating these power-packed vegetables in their natural state especially garlic increases their health benefits.
    * enérgico, poderoso, contundente, potente, potentísimo, impetuoso, formidable = power-packed.

    * * *
    1 (físicamente) ‹ejercicio/movimiento› energetic, strenuous; ‹persona› energetic, vigorous
    le asestó un enérgico golpe en la cabeza she dealt him a fierce o heavy blow to the head
    2 (firme, resuelto) ‹carácter› forceful; ‹protesta› vigorous; ‹medidas› firm, strong
    lanzó un enérgico ataque contra ellos she launched a vigorous o fierce o strong attack on them
    un enérgico desmentido a flat o firm denial
    * * *

    enérgico
    ◊ -ca adjetivo


    b) (firme, resuelto) ‹ carácter› forceful;

    ‹protesta/ataque› vigorous;
    ‹ medidas› firm, strong;
    ‹negativa/rechazo› flat, firm
    enérgico,-a adjetivo
    1 energetic
    con un golpe enérgico, with a vigorous blow
    2 (con decisión) firm
    ' enérgico' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    enérgica
    - plumazo
    - decidido
    English:
    active
    - assertive
    - brisk
    - energetic
    - forceful
    - spirited
    - sprightly
    - strenuous
    - strident
    - vigorous
    - vital
    - vociferous
    - emphatic
    - high
    - loud
    - strength
    - strong
    * * *
    enérgico, -a adj
    1. [físicamente] [persona, salto] energetic;
    [golpe] vigorous, powerful; [gesto, movimiento] vigorous, energetic
    2. [decidido, firme] [persona, carácter] forceful;
    [medida] firm; [defensa, protesta] vigorous, energetic; [respuesta] emphatic
    * * *
    adj energetic; fig
    forceful, strong
    * * *
    enérgico, -ca adj
    1) : energetic, vigorous
    2) : forceful, emphatic
    * * *
    1. (persona) energetic / vigorous
    2. (respuesta, medida) strong

    Spanish-English dictionary > enérgico

  • 7 verdadero

    adj.
    1 true, real, actual, truthful.
    2 big, royal.
    * * *
    1 true, real
    * * *
    (f. - verdadera)
    adj.
    real, true
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) (=auténtico) [caso, joya, motivo, nombre] real; [historia, versión] true; [testimonio] truthful

    ¿cuál es tu verdadero nombre? — what's your real name?

    fue un verdadero desastre — it was a real ofrmveritable disaster

    3) (=sincero) [persona] truthful
    * * *
    - ra adjetivo
    1)
    a) <premisa/historia> true; <caso/nombre> real
    b) <pieles/joyas> real
    * * *
    = genuine, true [truer -comp., truest -sup.], truly, red-blooded, actual.
    Ex. A general paper may be irrelevant to a specialist but of genuine value to someone seeking a brief introduction to a field peripheral to their main interest.
    Ex. The Concise AACR2 by Michael Gorman is not a true abridged edition of the full edition, but rather a rewritten distillation of the essential rules and principles.
    Ex. Work continues on translations, and these will contribute to AACR's role as a truly international code.
    Ex. What's the ordinary response if you're a red-blooded American consumer? I mean, you scream like hell and run to the store and demand your money back.
    Ex. It presents a case study based on an actual situation which arose between the chief librarian of a public library and the library janitor.
    ----
    * amigo verdadero = true friend.
    * amor verdadero = true love.
    * el verdadero = the real McCoy.
    * el verdadero problema = the elephant in the room.
    * revelar + Posesivo + verdadera identidad = blow + Posesivo + cover.
    * sinónimo verdadero = true synonym.
    * una verdadera lástima = a crying shame.
    * una verdadera pena = a crying shame.
    * verdadera naturaleza, la = true nature, the.
    * verdadero + Nombre = veritable + Nombre.
    * * *
    - ra adjetivo
    1)
    a) <premisa/historia> true; <caso/nombre> real
    b) <pieles/joyas> real
    * * *
    = genuine, true [truer -comp., truest -sup.], truly, red-blooded, actual.

    Ex: A general paper may be irrelevant to a specialist but of genuine value to someone seeking a brief introduction to a field peripheral to their main interest.

    Ex: The Concise AACR2 by Michael Gorman is not a true abridged edition of the full edition, but rather a rewritten distillation of the essential rules and principles.
    Ex: Work continues on translations, and these will contribute to AACR's role as a truly international code.
    Ex: What's the ordinary response if you're a red-blooded American consumer? I mean, you scream like hell and run to the store and demand your money back.
    Ex: It presents a case study based on an actual situation which arose between the chief librarian of a public library and the library janitor.
    * amigo verdadero = true friend.
    * amor verdadero = true love.
    * el verdadero = the real McCoy.
    * el verdadero problema = the elephant in the room.
    * revelar + Posesivo + verdadera identidad = blow + Posesivo + cover.
    * sinónimo verdadero = true synonym.
    * una verdadera lástima = a crying shame.
    * una verdadera pena = a crying shame.
    * verdadera naturaleza, la = true nature, the.
    * verdadero + Nombre = veritable + Nombre.

    * * *
    A
    1 ‹premisa/historia› true; ‹caso› real
    ésa es la verdadera causa del problema that is the real o true cause of the problem
    ése no es su verdadero nombre that's not his real name
    2 ‹pieles/joyas› real
    se portó como un verdadero imbécil he behaved like a real o ( colloq) proper idiot
    es una verdadera ganga it's a real bargain
    ha sido un verdadero padre para mí he's been like a father to me
    siente verdadera pasión por la música she has a real o ( frml) veritable passion for music
    * * *

     

    verdadero
    ◊ -ra adjetivo

    1
    a) ‹premisa/historia› true;

    ‹caso/nombre› real
    b) ‹pieles/joyas› real

    2 ( delante del n) ( uso enfático) real;
    ◊ se portó como un verdadero imbécil he behaved like a real o (colloq) proper idiot

    verdadero,-a adjetivo
    1 (cierto) true
    2 (auténtico) real
    un verdadero profesional, a real professional
    (uso enfático) un verdadero idiota, a real idiot
    ' verdadero' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    actual
    - bocazas
    - calvario
    - colar
    - conquistador
    - conquistadora
    - desastre
    - histórica
    - histórico
    - imitación
    - martirio
    - verdadera
    - caos
    - cierto
    - real
    English:
    actual
    - colour
    - deduce
    - false
    - proper
    - real
    - true
    - full
    - indeed
    - joy
    - liability
    - regular
    - surely
    - veritable
    * * *
    verdadero, -a adj
    1. [cierto, real] [historia] true;
    [nombre] real; [intenciones] real, true;
    la verdadera razón de su comportamiento fue otra the real reason for his behaviour was different;
    el verdadero protagonista de la tragedia the person who was really the key figure in the tragedy;
    distinguir entre lo verdadero y lo falso to distinguish between what is true and what is false
    2. [enfático] real;
    fue un verdadero lío it was a real mess
    * * *
    adj true; ( cierto) real
    * * *
    verdadero, - dera adj
    1) real, verídico: true, real
    2) auténtico: genuine
    * * *
    verdadero adj true / real

    Spanish-English dictionary > verdadero

  • 8 लॄ _lॄ

    लॄ f. A mother, a divine female. -m. Śiva. -f. =
    लृ. cf. लॄर्महात्मा सुरो बालो भूपः स्तोमः कथानकः (वक्ता) । मूर्खो शिश्नो गुदः कक्षा केशः पापरतो नरः ॥ Enm. एकान्वयो मम Ś.7; मनस्येकं वचस्येकं कर्मण्येकं महात्मनाम् H.1.197.
    -4 Firm, unchanged; एको ग्रहस्तु Pt.1.26.
    -5 Single of its kind, unique, singular.
    -6 Chief, supreme, prominent, sole; ब्राह्मण्यास्तद्धरेत्पुत्र एकांशं वै पितुर्धनात् Mb.13.47.11. ˚पार्थिव, ˚धनुर्धरः, ˚ऐश्वर्य M.1.1 sole sovereignty; एको रागिषु राजते Bh.3.121.
    -7 Peerless, matchless.
    -8 One of two or many; Me.3. एकः सख्यास्तव सह मया वामपादाभिलाषी Me.8.
    -9 Oft. used like the English indefinite article 'a', or 'an'; ज्योतिरेकम् Ś.5.3.
    -1 True.
    -11 Little. Oft. used in the middle of comp. in the sense of 'only', with an adjectival or adverbial force; दोषैकदृक् looking only to faults; त्वदेकेषु Ku.3.15 your arrow only; so भोगैकबद्धस्पृहः. एकः-अन्यः, or अपरः the one- the other; अजामेकां लोहित... नमामः । अजो ह्येको... अजोन्यः Śvet. Up.4.5; it is used in the plural in the sense of some, its correlative being अन्ये or अपरे (others); एके समूहुर्बलरेणुसंहतिं शिरोभिराज्ञामपरे महीभृतः ॥ Śi.12.45; see अन्य, अपर also.
    -कः N. of Viṣṇu. the ऴSupreme Being or Prajāpati; एक इति च प्रजापतेरभिधानमिति । ŚB. on MS. 1.3.13.
    (-कम्) 1 The mind; एकं विनिन्ये स जुगोप सप्त सप्तैव तत्याज ररक्ष पञ्च Bu. Ch.2.41.
    -2 unity, a unit; Hch.
    -का N. of Durgā. [cf. Persian yak; L. aequus].
    -Comp. -अंशः a separate part, part in general. विष्टभ्याह- मिदं कृत्स्नमेकांशेन स्थितो जगत् Bg.1.42. एकांशश्च प्रधानतः Ms. 9.15.
    -अक्ष a.
    1 having only one axle. द्विचक्रमेकाक्षम् (रथम्) Bhāg.4.26.1.
    -2 having one eye.
    -3 having an excellent eye.
    (-क्षः) 1 a crow.
    -2 N. of Śiva.
    -अक्षर a. monosyllabic. ओमित्येकाक्षरं ब्रह्म Bg.8.13.
    (-रम्) 1 a monosyllable.
    -2 the sacred syllable; ओम्; एकाक्षरं परं ब्रह्म Ms.2.83.
    -3 The sole imperishable thing; एका- क्षरमभिसंभूय Av.5.28.8.
    -4 N. of an Upaniṣad. ˚कोशः a vocabulary of monosyllabic words by Puruṣottama- deva. ˚रीभावः the production of only one syllable, con- traction.
    -अग्नि a. Keeping only one fire; Āpastamba Dharma Sūtra 2.21.21. (
    -कः) One and the same fire.
    -अग्र a.
    1 fixed on one object or point only.
    -2 closely attentive, concentrated, intent; तद्गीतश्रवणैकाग्रा R.15.66; K.49; कच्चिदेतच्छ्रुतं पार्थ त्वयैकाग्रेण चेतसा Bg.18.72; मनुमे- काग्रमासीनम् Ms.1.1.
    -3 unperplexed.
    -4 known, cele- brated.
    -5 single-pointed. (
    -ग्रः) (in Math.) the whole of the long side of a figure which is subdivided. ˚चित्त, ˚मनस् a. with a concentrated mind, with un- divided attention. ˚चित्तम्, ˚चित्तता intentness of purpose, concentration of mind; तत्रैकाग्रं मनःकृत्वा Bg.6.12;18.72. °reeदृष्टि a. fixing one's eye on one spot.
    -अग्ऱ्य = ˚अग्र. (
    -ग्ऱ्यम्) concentration.
    -अङ्गः 1 a body-guard.
    -2 the planet Mercury or Mars.
    -3 N. of Viṣṇu. ˚वधः Mutilation of a limb; Kau. A.4.
    -4 Having a unique or beautiful shape.
    (-अङ्गम्) 1 a single member or part.
    -2 sandal wood.
    -3 the head. (
    -ङ्गौ) a married couple. (
    -ङ्गी) Incomplete; ˚रूपक incomplete, simile.
    -अञ्जलिः A handful.
    -अङ्गिका preparation made with sandal-wood.
    -अण्डः a kind of horse.
    -अधिपतिः a sole monarch or sovereign.
    -अनंशा the only (day) receiving no part of the moon, an epithet of Kuhū or day of new moon (born together with Kṛiṣṇa and worshipped with Kṛiṣ&na and Bala- deva and identified with Durgā).
    -अनुदिष्ट a.
    1 left as a funeral feast or one who has recently partaken in it. (
    -ष्टम्) a funeral ceremony performed for only one ancestor (recently dead); see एकोद्दिष्ट; यावदेकानुदिष्टस्य गन्धो लेपश्च तिष्ठति Ms.4.111.
    -अन्त a.
    1 solitary, retired.
    -2 aside, apart.
    -3 directed towards one point or object only.
    -4 excessive, great; ˚शैत्यात्- कदलीविशेषाः Ku.1.36.
    -5 worshipping only one; devoted to only one (एकनिष्ठ); एकान्तजनप्रियः Bhāg.8.24.31.
    -6 absolute, invariable, perpetual; स्वायत्तमेकान्तगुणम् Bh.2.7; कस्यैकान्तं सुखमुपगतम् Me.111.
    (-तः) 1 a lonely or retired place, solitude; तासामेकान्तविन्यस्ते शयानां शयने द्युमे Rām.5.1.5. व्योम˚ विहारिणः Pt.2.2; H.1.49.
    -2 exclusiveness.
    -3 an invariable rule or course of conduct or action; तस्मादेकान्तमासाद्य Pt.3.7.
    -4 exclusive aim or boundary. (
    -तम्) an exclusive recourse, a settled rule or principle; तेजः क्षमा वा नैकान्तं काल- ज्ञस्य महीपतेः Śi.2.83. (
    -तम्, -तेन, -ततः, -ते) ind.
    1 solely, exclusively, invariably, always, absolutely, युद्धे नैकान्तेन भवेज्जयः Mb.5.64.27.
    -2 exceeding, quite, wholly, very much; वयमप्येकान्ततो निःस्पृहाः Bh.3.24; दुःखमेकान्ततो वा Me.111; oft. in comp.; ˚विध्वंसिन् sure or destined to perish; R.2.57; ˚भीरु Mu. 3.5 always timid; so एकान्तकरुण very weak &c.
    -3 alone, apart, privately. ˚भूत being alone or solitary; विलोक्यैकान्तभूतानि भूतान्यादौ प्रजापतिः Bhāg.6.18.3. ˚मति a. devoted to one object only. ˚विहारिन् a. a solitary wanderer. ˚सुषमा 'containing exclusively good years', a division of time with Jainas. ˚स्थित a. staying or remaining apart.
    -अन्तर a. next but one, separated by one remove; द्वन्द्वं दक्षमरीचिसंभवमिदं तत्स्रष्टुरेकान्तरम् Ś.7.27; V.1. (
    -रः) a kind of fever.
    -अन्तिक a. final, conclusive.
    -अन्तित्वम् devotion to one object.
    -अन्तिन् a. devoted to one object only; अहो अत्यद्भुतं ह्येतद् दुर्लभैकान्ति- नामपि Bhāg.7.1.15. -m. a worshipper of Viṣṇu.
    -अन्नम् one and the same food.
    (-न्नः), -˚आदिन् 1 a mess-mate.
    -2 One who lives on the alms from only one house; नैकान्नादी भवेद् व्रती Ms.2.188.
    -अपचयः, अपायः Diminution by one.
    -अब्दा a heifer one year old.
    1 passable for only one (as a foot-path) Mb.3.
    -2 fixing one's thoughts on one object, closely attentive, intent; see एकाग्र.
    (-नम्) 1 a lonely or retired place; एकायनगतः पथि Mb.1.176.5; Rām. 3.67.23.
    -2 a meeting-place, rendezvous. सर्वासामपां समुद्र एकायनम् Bṛi. Up.2.4.11.
    -3 union of thoughts.
    -4 monotheism.
    -5 the sole object; सा स्नेहस्य एकायनीभूता M.2.14; एकायनीभूय Mv.4 with one accord, unani- mously.
    -6 One and the same way, similarity; एकमेवायनगताः प्लवमाना गिरेर्गिरम् Rām.4.2.9.
    -7 Worldly wisdom (नीतिशास्त्र); नाम वै एकायनम् Ch. Up.7.1.2. ˚गत = एकायन q. v. तरुणः सुकृतैर्युक्त एकायनगतश्च ह Mb.7.12.22. ˚स्थः With only one resource open, driven to extremity; शूरश्चैकायनस्थश्च किमन्यत्प्रतिपद्यते Pratijñā.1.7.
    -अर्णवः general flood, universal deluge; अयं ह्युत्सहते क्रुद्धः कर्तुमे- कार्णवं जगत् Rām.5.49.2.
    -अर्थ a.
    1 having one and the same meaning, having the same object in view; राजन्यकान्युपायज्ञैरेकार्थानि चरैस्तव Śi.2.114.
    -2 (Rhet.) Tautological (as a sentence); Kāvyālaṅkāravṛitti. 2.1.11.
    (-र्थः) 1 the same thing, object, or intention.
    -2 the same meaning.
    -3 N. of a glossary (of synonymous words); cf. एकार्थनाममाला.
    - अवम a. inferior or less by one.
    - अवयव a. made up of the same components.
    -अशीत or ˚तितम a. eighty-first.
    -अशीतिः f. eighty-one.
    -अष्टका 1 the first or chief Aṣṭakā after the full moon; एकाष्टके सुप्रजसः सुवीरा Av.3.1.5.
    -2 the eighth day of the dark fortnight in the month of Māgha (on which a श्राद्ध is to be performed).
    -अष्ठीका (ला) The root of the trumpet-flower (Mar. पहाडमूळ).
    -अष्ठील a. having one kernel. (
    -लः) N. of a plant (बकवृक्ष); A white variety of Gigantic swallow- wort (Mar. रुईमांदार).
    -अहन् (ह) 1 the period of one day.
    -2 a sacrifice lasting for one day. ˚गमः, ˚अध्वा a day's journey.
    -आतपत्र a. characterized by only one umbrella (showing universal sovereignty); एकातपत्रं जगतः प्रभुत्वम् R.2.47. ˚त्रां भुवम् 18.4; K.26; Śi.12. 33; V.3.19.
    -आत्मन् a. depending solely on one-self, solitary.
    -आदेशः cf. Sk. on P.VI.1.11. one substitute for two or more letters (got by either dropping one vowel, or by the blending of both); as the आ in एकायन.
    -आयु a.
    1 providing the most excellent food.
    -2 the first living being. एकायुरग्रे विश आविवाससि Rv.1.31.5.
    -आवलिः, -ली f.
    1 a single string of pearls, beads &c.; सूत्रमेकावली शुद्धा Kau. A.2.11. एका- वली कण्ठविभूषणं वः Vikr.1.3; लताविटपे एकावली लग्ना V.1.
    -2 (in Rhetoric) Necklace- a series of statements in which there is a regular transition from a predicate to a subject, or from a subject to a predicate; स्थाप्यते$पोह्यते वापि यथापूर्वं परस्परम् । विशेषणतया यत्र वस्तु सैकावली द्विधा ॥ K. P.1; cf. Chandr.5.13-4; नेत्रे कर्णान्तविश्रान्ते कर्णो दोःस्तम्भदोलितौ &c. and Bk.2.19.
    -आहार्य a. having the same food; making no difference between allowed and forbidden food; एकहार्यं युगं सर्वम् Mb.3.19.41.
    -उक्तिः f. a single expression or word.
    -उत्तर a. greater or increasing by one.
    -उदकः (a relative) connected by the offering of funeral libations of water to the same deceased ancestor; जन्मन्येकोदकानां तु त्रिरात्राच्छुद्धिरिष्यते Ms.5.71.
    -उदरः, -रा uterine, (brother or sister).
    -उदात्त a. having one Udātta accent.
    -उद्दिष्टम् a Śrāddha or funeral rite performed for one definite individual deceased, not including other ancestors; see एकानुदिष्ट.
    -ऊन a. less by one, minus one.
    -ऋच् a. consisting of one verse (ऋच्). (
    -चम्) A Sūkta of one verse only; Av.19.23.2.
    -एक a. one by one, one taken singly, a single one; एकैकमप्यनर्थाय किमु यत्र चतुष्टयम् H. Pr.11; R.17.43.
    (-कम्), -एकैकशः, ind. one by one, singly, severally एकैकमत्र दिवसे दिवसे Ś.6.11; ˚कं निर्दिशन् Ś.7 pointing to each severally.
    -श्यम् (एककश्यम्) Single state, severally एकैकश्येनानुपूर्वं भूत्वा भूत्वेह जायते Bhāg.7.15.51.
    -˚श्येन (instrumental used as an adv.) individually, singly, one by one. ते यदि एकैकश्येनापि कुर्वन्ति तथापि सत्रक्रियामभिसमीक्ष्य बहव एव कुर्वन्तीति बहुवचनं भविष्यति । ŚB on MS.1.6.45.
    -ओघः 1 a continuous current.
    -2 A single flight (of arrows); एकौघेन स्वर्णपुङ्खैर्द्विषन्तः (आकिरन्ति स्म) Śi. 18.55.
    -कपाल a. consisting of or contained in one cup.
    -कर a. (
    -री f.)
    1 doing only one thing.
    -2 (-रा) one-handed.
    -3 one-rayed.
    -कार्य a.
    1 acting in concert with, co-operating, having made common cause with; co-worker; अस्माभिः सहैककार्याणाम् Mu.2; R.1.4.
    -2 answering the same end.
    -3 having the same occu- pation. (
    -र्यम्) sole or same business.
    -कालः 1 one time.
    -2 the same time, (
    -लम्, -ले) ind. at one time, at one and the same time; एककालं चरेद्भैक्षम् Ms.6.55. ˚भोजनम् eating but one meal in any given time.
    -कालिकम् Once a day; तेभ्यो लब्धेन भैक्ष्येण वर्तयन्नेककालिकम् Ms.11.123.
    -कालीन a.
    1 happening once only;
    -2 Contemporary, coeval.
    -कुण्डलः (लिन्) N. of Kubera; of Balabhadra and Śeṣa; गर्गस्रोतो महातीर्थमाजगामैककुण्डली Mb.9.37.14. cf. एककुण्डल आख्यातो बलरामे धनाधिपे Medini.
    -कुष्ठम् a kind of leprosy; कृष्णारुणं येन भवे- च्छरीरं तदेककुष्ठं प्रवदन्त्यसाध्यम् Suśr.
    -क्षीरम् the milk of one (nurse &c.).
    -गम्यः the supreme spirit.
    -गुरु, गुरुक a. having the same preceptor. (
    -रुः, -रुकः) a spiritual brother (pupil of the same preceptor).
    -ग्राम a. living in the same village. (
    -मः) the same village.
    -ग्रामीण a. Inhabiting the same village; नैकग्रामीणमतिथिम् Ms.3.13.
    -चक्र a.
    1 having only one wheel. (said of the sun's chariot); सप्त युञ्जन्ति रथमेक- चक्रम् Rv.1.164.2.
    -2 governed by one king only. (
    -क्रः) the chariot of the sun. ˚वर्तिन् m. sole master of the whole universe, universal monarch. (
    -क्रा) N. of the town Kīchakas.
    -चत्वारिंशत् f. forty-one.
    -चर a.
    1 wandering or living alone, alone; अयमेकचरो$ भिवर्तते माम् Ki.13.3;3.53. Kau. A.1.18. स्वच्छन्दमेकचरं Mudrā.
    -2 having one attendant.
    -3 living un- assisted.
    -4 going together or at the same time.
    -5 gregarious.
    -6 (Said of certain animals); न भक्षयेदेकचरान् Ms.5.17; Bhāg.5.8.18.
    (-रः) 1 a rhinoceros.
    -2 An ascetic (यति); नाराजके जनपदे चरत्येकचरो वशी Rām.2.67.23.
    - चरण a. having only one foot.
    -चारिन् a.
    1 living alone, solitary.
    -2 going alone or with one follower only.
    -3 An atten- dant of Buddha. (
    -णी) a loyal wife.
    -चित्त a. thinking of one thing only, absorbed in one object.
    (-त्तम्) 1 fixedness of thought upon one object.
    -2 unanimity एकचित्तीभूय H.1 unanimously; ˚ता fixedness of mind, agreement, unanimity.
    -चिन्तनम् thinking of only one object.
    -चिन्मय a. Consisting of intelligence; Rāmt. Up.
    -चेतस्, -मनस् a. unanimous; see ˚चित्त.
    -चोदन a. Resting upon one rule. (
    -नम्) referring to in the singular number.
    -च्छत्र a. Ruled by one king solely.
    -च्छायाश्रित a. Involved in similarity (of debt) with one debtor (said of a surety); Y.2.56.
    -ज a.
    1 born alone or single.
    -2 growing alone (a tree); महानप्येकजो वृक्षो बलवान्सुप्रतिष्ठितः Pt.3.54.
    -3 alone of its kind.
    -4 uniform, unchanging.
    -जः, -जा a brother or sister of the same parents.
    -जटा N. of a goddess उग्रतारा.
    -जन्मन् m.
    1 a king.
    -2 a Śūdra; see ˚जाति below.
    -जात a. born of the same parents; Ms.9.148.
    -जाति a.
    1 once born.
    -2 belonging to the same family or caste. (
    -तिः) a Śūdra (opp. द्विजन्मन्); ब्राह्मणः क्षत्रियो वैश्यस्त्रयो वर्णा द्विजातयः । चतुर्थ एकजातिस्तु शूद्रो नास्ति तु पञ्चमः ॥ Ms.1.4;8.27.
    -जातीय a. of the same kind, species or family. ˚अनुसमयः performance of one detail with reference to all things or persons, then doing the second, then the third and so on (see पदार्थानुसमय) Ms.5.2.1-2.
    -जीववादः (in phil.) the assertion of a living soul only.
    -ज्या the chord of an arc; sine of 3˚.
    -ज्योतिस् m. N. of Śiva.
    -तान a. con- centrated or fixed on one object only, closely attentive; ब्रह्मैकतानमनसो हि वसिष्ठमिश्राः Mv.3.11.
    (-नः) 1 atten- tion fixed on one object only; A. Rām.6.2.2.
    -2 musical harmony, = ˚तालः
    -ताल a. Having a single palm tree; एकताल एवोत्पातपवनप्रेरितो गिरिः R.15.23.
    -तालः harmony, accurate adjustment of song, dance, and instrumental music (cf. तौर्यत्रिकम्).
    -लम् A kind of sculptural measurement. (
    -ली) an instrument for beating time, any instrument having but one note.
    -तीर्थिन् a.
    1 bathing in the same holy water.
    -2 belonging to the same religious order; क्रमेणाचार्यसच्छिष्य- धर्मभ्रात्रेकतीर्थिनः Y.2.137. -m. a fellow student, spiritual brother.
    -तेजन a. Ved. having only one shaft (an arrow).
    -त्रिंशत् f. thirty-one; ˚त्रिंश 31st.
    -त्रिकः a kind of sacrifice performed in or lasting for a day.
    -दंष्ट्रः, -दन्तः "one-tusked", epithets of Gaṇeśa (एकदंष्ट्रः) A kind of fever.
    -दण्डिन् m.
    1 N. of a class of Sannyāsins or beggars (otherwise called हंस). They are divided into four orders:-- कुटीचको बहूदको हंसश्चैव तृतीयकः । चतुर्थः परहंसश्च यो यः पश्चात्स उत्तमः ॥ Hārita.
    -2 N. of a Vedantic school.
    -दलः, -पत्रः N. of a plant (चन्डालकन्द).
    -दिश् a. living in the same region or quarter.
    -दुःखसुख a. sympathising, having the same joys and sorrows.
    -दृश्, -दृष्टि a. one-eyed. -m.
    1 a crow.
    -2 N. of Śiva.
    -3 a philosopher.
    -दृश्य a. the sole object of vision, alone being worthy of being seen. तमेकदृश्यं नयनैः पिबन्त्यो Ku.7.64.
    -दृष्टिः f. fixed or steady look.
    -देवः the Supreme god.
    -देवत, -दे(दै)वत्य a. devoted, directed or offered to one deity.
    -देश a. occupying the same place.
    (-शः) 1 one spot or place.
    -2 a part or portion (of the whole), one side; ˚अवतीर्णा K.22; तस्यैकदेशः U.4; Mv.2; विभावितैकदेशेन देयं यदभियुज्यते V.4.33 'what is claimed should be given by one who is proved to have got a part of it'; (this is sometimes called एकदेशविभावितन्याय) ˚क्षाण a. partly burnt. एकदेशक्षाणमपि क्षाणमेव । ŚB. on MS.6.4.18.
    -देशिन् a. consisting of parts or portions divided into parts. -m. A disputant knowing only part of the true state of the case.
    -देह, -देहिन् a.
    1 having only one body.
    -2 elegantly formed.
    (-हः) 1 the planet Mercury.
    -2 (du.) Husband and wife.
    -धनः a kind of jug with which water is taken up at certain religious ceremonies.
    (-नम्) 1 an excellent gift.
    -2 honorific offering.
    -धनिन् a. obtaining an honorific offering,
    -धर्मन्, -धर्मिन् a.
    1 possessing the same properties of the same kind.
    -2 professing the same religion.
    -धुर, -धुरावह, -धुरीण a.
    1 fit for but one kind of labour.
    -2 fit for but one yoke (as cattle for special burden; P.IV.4.79).
    -धुरा a particular load or con- veyance.
    -नक्षत्रम् a lunar mansion consisting of only one star.
    -नटः the principal actor in a drama, the manager (सूत्रधार) who recites the prologue.
    -नयनः The planet Venus.
    -नवतः ninety-first.
    -नवतिः f. ninety-one.
    -नाथ a. having one master.
    (-थः) 1 sole master or lord.
    -2 N. of an author.
    -नायकः N. of Śiva.
    -निश्चय a. come to the same conclusion or resolution, having the same aim. (
    -यः) general agreement or con- clusion, unanimity.
    -निपातः A particle which is a single word.
    -निष्ठ a.
    1 intently devoted or loyal (to one thing).
    -2 intently fixed on one object.
    -नेत्रः 1 N. of Śiva; (one-eyed).
    -2 (With Śaivas) One of the eight forms of Vidyeśvara.
    -पक्ष a.
    1 of the same side or party, an associate.
    -2 partial. (
    -क्षः) one side or party; ˚आश्रयविक्लवत्वात् R.14.34; ˚क्षे in one point of view, in one case.
    -पक्षीभावः The state of being the one alternative.
    -पञ्चाशत् f. fifty-one.
    -पतिक a. having the same husband.
    -पत्नी 1 a faithful wife (perfectly chaste); तां चावश्यं दिवसगणनातत्परामेकपत्नीम् Me.1.
    -2 the wife of a man who has no other wives; यो धर्म एकपत्नीनां काङ्क्षन्ती तमनुत्तमम् Ms.5.158.
    -3 the wife of the same man; a co-wife; सर्वासामेकपत्नीनामेका चेत्पुत्रिणी भवेत् Ms.9. 183. ˚व्रतम् a vow of perfect chastity; कामेकपत्नीव्रतदुःख- शीलाम् Ku.3.7.
    -पत्रिका the plant Ocimum Gratissimum (गन्धपत्रा; Mar. नागदवणी)
    -पद्, -पाद् a.
    1 one-footed, limping, lame.
    -2 incomplete. (
    -पाद्) m. N. of Śiva or Viṣṇu. (
    -पदी) a foot-path (for a single man to walk on). एकपद्या तया यान्ती नलिकायन्त्रतुल्यया Śiva. B.28.66
    -पद a.
    1 one-footed.
    -2 consisting of or named in one word.
    (-दम्) 1 a single step.
    -2 single or simple word.
    -3 the time required to pronounce a single word.
    -4 present time, same time;
    (-दः) 1 a man having one foot.
    -2 a kind of coitus (रतिबन्ध). (
    -दे) ind. sudden- ly, all at once, abruptly; निहन्त्यरीनेकपदे य उदात्तः स्वरानिव Śi.2.95; R.8.48; K.45; V.4.3. (
    -दा) a verse con- sisting of only one Pāda or quarter stanza.
    (-दी) 1 a woman having one foot.
    -2 a Gāyatrī consisting of one Pāda. गायत्र्यस्येकपदी Bṛi. Up.5.14.7.
    -3 Foot-path (Mar. पाऊलवाट); इयमेकपदी राजन्यतो मे पितुराश्रमः Rām. 2.63.44.
    -पर a. Ved. an epithet of the dice in which one is decisive or of pre-eminent importance.
    -परि ind. one over or under, (a term at dice; cf. अक्षपरि). अक्षस्याह- मेकहरस्य हेतोः Rv.1.34.2.
    -पर्णा 1 N. of a younger sister of Durgā.
    -2 N. of Durgā.
    -3 a plant having one leaf only.
    -पलाशः a. a single Butea Frondosa.
    -पाटला N. of a younger sister of Durgā; N. of Durgā.
    -पाणः a single wager.
    -पात a. happening at once, sudden.
    -तः The first word of a Mantra (प्रतीक).
    -पतिन् a.
    1 sudden.
    -2 standing alone or solitary. (
    -नी) i. e. ऋक् a verse to be taken by itself or independently of the hymn to which it belongs.
    -पाद a.
    1 having only one foot; तत्र शिश्रिये$ज एकपादः Av.13.1.6.
    -2 using only one foot.
    (-दः) 1 one or single foot.
    -2 one and the same Pāda.
    -3 N. of Viṣṇu and Śiva.
    -पादिका a kind of posture of birds.
    -पार्थिवः Sole ruler or king; न केवलं तद्गुरुरेक- पार्थिवः R.3.31.
    -पिङ्गः, -पिङ्गलः N. of Kubera; having a yellow mark in place of one eye; (his eye was so made on account of a curse uttered by Pārvatī when he cast an evil eye at her;) Dk.2.4.
    -पिण्ड a. united by the offering of the funeral rice-ball;
    ˚ता, -त्वम् consanguinity.
    -पुत्र a. having only one son.
    -पुरुषः 1 the Supreme Being; वेदान्तेषु यमाहुरेकपुरुषम् V.1.1;
    -2 the chief person. a. Consisting of only one man. तथैकपुरुषं राष्ट्रम् Bhāg.6.5.7.
    -पुष्कलः (रः) N. of a musical instrument (Mar. काहल); ततः प्रयाते दाशार्हे प्रावाद्यन्तैकपुष्कराः Mb.5.94.21.
    -प्रकार a. of the same kind.
    -प्रख्य a. singularly like.
    -प्रभुत्वम् sole sovereignty.
    -प्रयत्नः one effort (of the voice).
    -प्रस्थः a measure.
    -प्रहारिक a. killed by one blow. Mk.8.
    -प्राणयोगः union in one breath.
    -बुद्धि a. having only one thought.
    -भक्त a.
    1 serving one master only.
    -2 worshipping one deity.
    -3 eating together. (
    -भूक्तम्) N. of a religi- ous ceremony; eating but one meal (a day) Mb.3; Y.3.318. ˚व्रतम् eating but once a day as a religious observance.
    -भक्ति a.
    1 believing in one deity.
    -2 firmly devoted; तेषां ज्ञानी नित्ययुक्त एकभक्तिर्विशिष्यते Bg.7. 17. -f. eating but one meal a day.
    -भार्या a faithful or chaste wife. तामेकभार्यां परिवादभीरोः R.14.86 (
    -र्यः) one having one wife only.
    -भाव a. of the same or one nature.
    -2 sincerely devoted.
    -3 honest, sincerely disposed.
    (-वः) 1 one feeling, the same or unchanged devotion; दुर्ग्राह्यत्वान्नृपतिमनसां नैकभावाश्रयाणां सेवाधर्मः परमगहनः Pt.1.285;3.65. स्वतेजसा सत्त्वगुणप्रवाहमात्मैकभावेन भजध्वमद्धा Bhāg.
    -2 oneness, agreement. cf. एको भावः सदा शस्तो यतीनां भवितात्मनाम्
    -भूत a.
    1 being one, undivided
    -2 concentrated, closely attentive.
    -भूमः a palace having one floor.
    -भोजन, -भुक्त a.
    1 eating but one meal.
    -2 eating in common.
    -मति a.
    1 fixed on one object.
    -2 unanimous, thinking in the same way.
    -मनस् a. thinking with another, of one thought; ते निर्यान्तु मया सहैकमनसो येषामभीष्टं यशः Mu.2.13.
    -2 fixing the mind upon one object, closely attentive; गच्छन्तमेकमनसम् Mb.1.42.36. एकमनाः श्रोतुमर्हति देवः M.2.
    -मात्र a. of one syllable.
    -मुख a.
    1 having the face directed towards one place, direction of object; सहस्रं स एकमुखो ददाति Av.9.4.9.
    -2 having the same aim.
    -3 having one chief or head; द्यूतमेकमुखं कार्यम् Y.2.23.
    -4 having one door or entrance (as a मण्डप).
    (-खम्) 1 gambling.
    -2 a kind of fruit (रुद्राक्षफल).
    -मूर्धन् = ˚मुख q. v. Av.8.9.15.
    -मूला = अतसी q. v.
    -यष्टिः, -यष्टिका a single string of pearls.
    -योनि a.
    1 uterine.
    -2 of the same family or caste; एतद्विधानं विज्ञेयं विभाग- स्यैकयोनिषु Ms.9.148.
    -रजः the plant भृङ्गराज (Mar. माका).
    -रथः An eminent warrior; Mb.3.
    -रश्मि a. Lustrous Mb.4.
    -रस a.
    1 finding pleasure only in one thing, of one flavour; रसान्तराण्येकरसं यथा दिव्यं पयो$श्नुते R.1.17.
    -2 of one feeling or sentiment only; साहस˚ U.5.21 influenced only by rashness; विक्रम˚ K.7; भावैकरसं मनः Ku.5.82; M.3.1; Bv.2.155; Śi.6.26; V.1.9.
    -3 of one tenor, stable, equable; Māl.4.7; U.4.15.
    -4 solely or exclusively devoted (to one); अबलैकरसाः R.9.43,8.65.
    (-सः) 1 oneness of aim or feeling.
    -2 the only flavour or pleasure. (
    -सम्) a drama of one sentiment.
    -राज्, -राजः m. an absolute king; प्राङ् विशाम्पतिरेकराट् त्वं वि राज Av.3.4.1. a. Shining alone, alone visible; स वा एष तदा द्रष्टा नाप- श्यद् दृश्यमेकराट् Bhāg.3.5.24.
    -रात्रः a ceremony lasting one night. (
    -त्रम्) one night; एकरात्रं तु निवसन्नतिथिर्ब्राह्मणः स्मृतः Ms.3.12.
    -रात्रिक a. lasting or sufficient for one night only.
    -राशिः 1 a heap, crowd.
    -2 a sign of the zodiac. ˚भूत a. collected or heaped together.
    -रिक्थिन् m. a coheir; यद्येकरिक्थिनौ स्यातामौरसक्षेत्रजौ सुतौ Ms.9.162.
    -रूप a.
    1 of one form or kind, like, similar; आसवः प्रतिपदं प्रमदानां नैकरूपरसतामिव भेजे Ki.9.55.
    -2 uniform, one-coloured; Rv.1.169.2.
    (-पम्) 1 one form or kind;
    -2 The knowledge of reality. विमोचयत्येकरूपेण Sāṅ. K.63. ˚ता uniformity, invariableness; क्षणद्युतीनां दधुरेकरूपताम् Ki.8.2.
    -रूप्य a. formed or arising from one.
    -लिङ्गः 1 a word having one gender only.
    -2 N. of Kubera. (
    -ङ्गम्) a place in which for five krośas there is but one लिङ्ग (Phallus); पञ्चक्रोशान्तरे यत्र न लिङ्गान्तरमीक्ष्यते । तदेकलिङ्गमाख्यातं तत्र सिद्धिरनुत्तमा ॥ Śabdak.
    -वचनम् the singular number.
    -वर्ण a.
    1 of one colour.
    -2 identical, same.
    -3 of one tribe or caste.
    -4 involving the use of one letter (˚समीकरण).
    (-र्णः) 1 one form.
    -2 a Brāhmaṇa.
    -3 a word of one syllable.
    -4 a superior caste. (
    -र्णी) beating time, the instru- ment (castanet); ˚समीकरणम् an equation involving one unknown quantity.
    -वर्णिक a.
    1 of one colour.
    -2 of one caste.
    -वर्षिका a heifer one year old.
    -वस्त्र, -वसन a. having only one garment, in one dress (without उत्तरीय). (
    -स्त्रम्) a single garment.
    -वाक्यम् one or unanimous opinion; एकवाक्यं विवव्रः R.6.85 raised a unanimous cry; ˚ता consistency in meaning, unanimity, reconciling different statements, syntactical unity; प्रकरणाच्च ज्योतिष्टोमेनैकवाक्यता स्यात् । ŚB. on MS.1. 5.37.
    -वाक्यकृ 8 U. To effect syntactical unity, to construe as one sentence. तस्मात् प्रकृतानां... देवतानामन्यतमया देवतया प्रकृतत्वादेकवाक्यतां कृत्वा देवतामवगमिष्यामः । ŚB. on MS.1. 8.5.
    -वाक्यया 2 P. (with instrumental) To form one sentence with, to be syntactically connected with; न वै कृतं कर्म प्राकृतैरङ्गपदार्थैः सहैकवाक्यतां याति । ŚB. on MS.1. 1.2.
    ˚त्वम् syntactical unity. The state of forming or being one sentence; एकवाक्यत्वाच्च । Ms.1.1.8.
    -वाचक a. Synonymous.
    -वादः 1 a kind of drum or tabor (Mar. डफ).
    -2 the unitarian doctrine, monotheism.
    -वारम्, -वारे ind.
    1 only once.
    -2 at once, suddenly.
    -3 at one time.
    -वासस् a. Clothed in only one garment.
    -वासा A woman; Nigh.
    -विंश a. twenty-first; consisting of twentyone. (
    -शः) the Ekaviṁśa- ṣ&tod;oma; Av.8.9.2.
    -विंशक a. The twentyfirst; दश पूर्वान्परान् वंश्यानात्मानं चैकविंशकम् । ब्राह्मीपुत्रः सुकृतकृन्मोचयेदेनसः पितॄन् ॥ Ms.3.37.
    -कम् The number twentyone; Y.3.224.
    -विंशतिः f. twentyone.
    -विजयः Complete victory; Kau. A.12.
    -विध a. of one kind; simple.
    -विलोचन a. one-eyed; see एकदृष्टि.
    -विषयिन् m. a rival (having a common object or end in view).
    -वीरः a pre-eminent warrior or hero; धर्म˚ Mv.5.48.
    -रा N. of a daughter of Śiva, a deity.
    -वृक्षः 1 one tree.
    -2 a district in which but one tree is seen for 4 Krośas.
    -वृत f. heaven.
    -वृन्दम 1 a peculiar disease of the throat.
    -2 one heap or collection.
    -वृषः Ved. the chief bull; the best or most excellent of a number.
    -वेणिः, -णी f. a single braid of hair (worn by a woman as a mark of her separation from her hus- band &c.); गण्डाभोगात्कठिनविषमामेकवेणीं करेण Me.93; ˚धरा Ś.7; धृत˚ Ś.7.21.
    -वेश्मन् n. a solitary house or room; विप्रदुष्टां स्त्रियं भर्ता निरुन्ध्यादेकवेश्मनि Ms.11.176.
    -व्यवसायिन् a. following the same profession.
    -व्याव- हारिकाः N. of a Buddhist school.
    -शत a. 11 st. (
    -तम्) 11; अत्रैतदेकशतं नाडीनां Prasna. Up.3.6.
    -शक a. whole-hoofed. (
    -फः) an animal whose hoof is not cloven (as a horse, ass &c.); अजाविकं सैकशफं न जातु विषमं भजेत् Ms.9.119.
    -शरणम् the sole recourse or refuge (especially applied to a deity).
    -शरीर a. of one body or blood, consanguineous. ˚अन्वयः consan- guineous descent. ˚अवयवः a descendant in a right line, blood-kinsman. ˚आरम्भः commencement of consangui- nity by the union of father and mother.
    -शल्यः A kind of fish; Rām.5.11.17.
    -शाख a. having one branch. (
    -खः) a Brāhmaṇa of the same branch or school.
    -शायिन् a. Sleeping alone, chaste; Mb.13.
    -शाला A single hall or room; (
    -लम् A house consisting of one hall; Matsya P.
    -शीर्षन् = ˚मुख q. v. Av.13.4.6.
    -शुङ्ग a. having one sheath. (
    -ङ्गा) N. of a medicinal plant.
    -शुल्कम् One and the same purchase money (given to the parents of a bride); अन्यां चेद्दर्शयित्वा$न्या वोढुः कन्या प्रदीयते । उभे ते एकशुल्केन वहेदित्यब्रवीन्मनुः ॥ Ms.8.24.
    -शृङ्ग a. having only one horn.
    (-ङ्गः) 1 a unicorn; rhinoceros.
    -2 N. of Viṣṇu.
    -3 a class of Pitṛis.
    -4 a mountain having one top.
    -शेपः a tree having one root.
    -शेषः 'the remainder of one', a species of Dvandva compound in which one of two or more words only is retained; e. g. पितरौ father and mother, parents, (= मातापितरौ); so श्वशुरौः, भ्रातरः &c.
    -श्रुत a. once heard. ˚धर a. keeping in mind what one has heard once.
    -श्रुतिः f.
    1 monotony.
    -2 the neutral accentless tone. (
    -ति) ind. in a monotonous manner.
    -श्रुष्टि a. Ved. obedient to one command.
    -षष्ट a. sixty-first.
    -षष्टिः f. sixty-one. ˚तम a. sixty first.
    -संस्थ a. dwelling in one place; R.6.29.
    -सप्तत, ˚तितम् a. seventy-first.
    -सप्ततिः f. seventy-one.
    -सभम् a common place of meeting.
    -सर्ग a. closely attentive. (
    -र्गः) concentration.
    -सहस्रम् 11 or one thousand; वृषभैकसहस्रा गा दद्यात्सुचरितव्रतः Ms.11.127.
    -साक्षिक a. witnessed by one.
    -सार्थम् ind. together, in one company.
    -सूत्रम् N. of a small double drum played by a string and ball attached to the body of it (Mar. डमरू).
    -स्तोमः N. of Soma ceremony.
    -स्थ a.
    1 being or centred in one place; in one man; ज्ञानमेकस्थमाचार्ये...... शौर्यमेकस्थमाचार्ये Mb.7.188.45. Ku. 1.49; हन्तैकस्थं क्वचिदपि न ते चण्डि सादृश्यमस्ति Me.16.
    -2 close-standing, standing side by side.
    -3 collected, combined.
    -स्थानम् one or the same place; एकस्थाने प्रसूते वाक् Pt.4.5.
    -2 Standing closely; विपक्षेणापि मरुता यथैकस्थानवीरुधः Pt.3.53.
    -हंसः the chief or highest Haṁsa (an allegorical designation of the soul). हिरण्मयः पुरुष एकहंसः Bṛi. Up.4.3.11.
    -हायन a. one year old; त्रस्तैकहायनकुरङ्गविलोलदृष्टिः Māl.4.8; U.3.28. (
    -नी) a heifer one year old. (
    -नम्) the period of one year.

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > लॄ _lॄ

  • 9 מלךְ

    מֶלֶךְm. (b. h.; preced.) leader in council, chief, king. Ber.3b אדוננו המ׳ our lord the king! Tosef.Snh.VIII, 5, a. fr. מ׳ מלכי המלכים the Most Supreme King (the Lord). Ib. IX, 8 אפי׳ מ׳ של מלכים even a king of kings (great sovereign). Snh.38a, a. fr. מ׳בו״ד (v. בָּשָׂר) a human chief. Ab. Zar.10a אין מושיבין מ׳ בן מ׳ they (the Romans) do not allow the son of a king to succeed his father. Kerith. 5b מ׳ ראשון a first king, starter of a dynasty. Shebu.6b מַלְכֹּו של זה this hyparchs chief. Num. R. s. 18 משה מ׳וכ׳ Moses has made himself the chief, and Aaron is high priest ; a. v. fr.Pl. מְלָכִים. Hor.12a כיצד מושחין את המ׳וכ׳ how are kings anointed? By drawing with the oil the outlines of a crown; Ker.5b. Ib. מַלְכֵי בית דור the kings of the house of David (southern kingdom); מ׳ ישראל the kings of the northern kingdom; a. v. fr.בַּת מְ׳ Princess, name of a demon afflicting the eye, also a certain disorder of the eye, v. בַּת I. Sabb.109a (Var. בת חורין, v. Rabb. D. S. a. l. note).Pl. בנות מֶלֶךְ. Tosef.B. Kam. IX, 27 יצאו בנות מ׳ the ‘princesses (humors of the eye) escaped (in consequence of a blow).

    Jewish literature > מלךְ

  • 10 מֶלֶךְ

    מֶלֶךְm. (b. h.; preced.) leader in council, chief, king. Ber.3b אדוננו המ׳ our lord the king! Tosef.Snh.VIII, 5, a. fr. מ׳ מלכי המלכים the Most Supreme King (the Lord). Ib. IX, 8 אפי׳ מ׳ של מלכים even a king of kings (great sovereign). Snh.38a, a. fr. מ׳בו״ד (v. בָּשָׂר) a human chief. Ab. Zar.10a אין מושיבין מ׳ בן מ׳ they (the Romans) do not allow the son of a king to succeed his father. Kerith. 5b מ׳ ראשון a first king, starter of a dynasty. Shebu.6b מַלְכֹּו של זה this hyparchs chief. Num. R. s. 18 משה מ׳וכ׳ Moses has made himself the chief, and Aaron is high priest ; a. v. fr.Pl. מְלָכִים. Hor.12a כיצד מושחין את המ׳וכ׳ how are kings anointed? By drawing with the oil the outlines of a crown; Ker.5b. Ib. מַלְכֵי בית דור the kings of the house of David (southern kingdom); מ׳ ישראל the kings of the northern kingdom; a. v. fr.בַּת מְ׳ Princess, name of a demon afflicting the eye, also a certain disorder of the eye, v. בַּת I. Sabb.109a (Var. בת חורין, v. Rabb. D. S. a. l. note).Pl. בנות מֶלֶךְ. Tosef.B. Kam. IX, 27 יצאו בנות מ׳ the ‘princesses (humors of the eye) escaped (in consequence of a blow).

    Jewish literature > מֶלֶךְ

  • 11 главный

    прил.
    chief, main; principal ( основной); central; head, senior ( старший)

    главное предложение — грам. main clause; matrix clause

    главное управление — central administrative board; main/central directorate

    главный врач — head physician; chief medical officer, chief army doctor мед.

    главный удар — воен. main blow/attack

    Русско-английский словарь по общей лексике > главный

  • 12 נשיא

    נָשִׂיאm. (b. h.; נָשָׂא) 1) prince, chief, ruler, officer. Num. R. s. 1 לנ׳ שנכנסוכ׳ like unto a chief that entered a country. Ib. שלא מנה נ׳ לשבטוכ׳ he appointed no prince for the tribe of Levi. (Ib. נשיא שבטים, read נְשִׂיאֵי). Hor.II, 6; a. v. fr.Pl. נְשִׂיאִים. Num. R. s. 12 למה נזדרזו הנ׳וכ׳ why were the princes so anxious to be the first ? Ib. s. 3; a. v. fr.Esp. Nasi, the chief of the Great Sanhedrin in Jerusalem and of its successor in Palestinian places (v. אָב). Taan.II, 1. Pes.66a מינוהו נ׳ עליהם they elected him as their Nasi; a. fr.R. Judah the Nasi, v. רַבִּי.Pl. as ab. Ḥag.II, 2; a. e. 2) pl. as ab. clouds. Kidd.32b הק״בה … מעלה נ׳וכ׳ the Lord causes the wind to blow and brings up clouds and lets rain come down

    Jewish literature > נשיא

  • 13 נָשִׂיא

    נָשִׂיאm. (b. h.; נָשָׂא) 1) prince, chief, ruler, officer. Num. R. s. 1 לנ׳ שנכנסוכ׳ like unto a chief that entered a country. Ib. שלא מנה נ׳ לשבטוכ׳ he appointed no prince for the tribe of Levi. (Ib. נשיא שבטים, read נְשִׂיאֵי). Hor.II, 6; a. v. fr.Pl. נְשִׂיאִים. Num. R. s. 12 למה נזדרזו הנ׳וכ׳ why were the princes so anxious to be the first ? Ib. s. 3; a. v. fr.Esp. Nasi, the chief of the Great Sanhedrin in Jerusalem and of its successor in Palestinian places (v. אָב). Taan.II, 1. Pes.66a מינוהו נ׳ עליהם they elected him as their Nasi; a. fr.R. Judah the Nasi, v. רַבִּי.Pl. as ab. Ḥag.II, 2; a. e. 2) pl. as ab. clouds. Kidd.32b הק״בה … מעלה נ׳וכ׳ the Lord causes the wind to blow and brings up clouds and lets rain come down

    Jewish literature > נָשִׂיא

  • 14 nad

    Ⅰ praep. 1. (powyżej) over, above
    - nad kimś/czymś [znajdować się] over a. above sb/sth
    - nad głównym wejściem over a. above the main entrance
    - łuna nad miastem a glow over the city
    - 1500 metrów nad poziomem morza 1,500 metres above sea level
    - miał siniak nad lewym okiem he had a bruise over a. above his left eye
    - mieszkali nad sklepem they lived over a. above the shop
    - rano nad miastem przeszła burza a storm broke over the city in the morning
    - tumany kurzu unosiły się nad drogą clouds of dust rose over the road
    - piłka przeleciała wysoko nad poprzeczką the ball went high over the bar
    - pochylić się nad kimś/czymś to lean a. bend over sb/sth
    - pochyliła się nad kołyską she leaned a. bent over the cot
    - pochylali się nad mapą they were bending over a map
    - nad coś [kierować się] over a. above sth
    - balon wzbił się nad chmury the balloon soared up above the clouds
    - myśliwce nadleciały nad miasto fighter planes flew over the city
    2. (w pobliżu) nad Wisłą/Bałtykiem on the Vistula/the Baltic
    - Wiedeń leży nad Dunajem Vienna lies on the Danube
    - kupili dom nad jeziorem they bought a house on a. by a lake
    - opalali się nad rzeką they were sunbathing by the river
    - spacer nad brzegiem rzeki/Sekwany a walk along a. by the riverside/along the Seine
    - nad coś [kierować się] to sth
    - pojechać nad morze to go to the seaside
    - pójść na spacer nad jezioro to take a walk to the lake
    - wycieczka nad Wigry a trip to Lake Wigry
    3. (wskazuje na podporządkowanie) over
    - być a. stać nad kimś to be over sb
    - nad sobą miał dyrektora finansowego above him he had the financial director
    - kontrola nad czymś control over a. of sth
    - mieć nadzór nad czymś to supervise sth, to have control over sth
    - sprawować władzę nad czymś to exercise authority a. power over sth
    - przewaga nad kimś/czymś superiority a. the advantage over sb/sth
    4. (wskazuje na temat) on, about (czymś sth)
    - dyskusja nad budżetem discussion on a. about the budget
    - dyskutowali nad projektem uchwały they were discussing the (draft) bill
    - praca nad czymś work on a. at sth
    - pracować nad planami budynku to work on the design of a building
    - rozmyślać nad czymś to ponder on a. over sth
    - medytować nad czymś to meditate on a. upon sth
    - siedzieć nad książką to pore over a book
    - ślęczeć nad lekcjami to slog away at one’s homework pot.
    5. (z określeniami wyrażającymi uczucia) at, for, over
    - ich zachwyt nad jego obrazami their delight over his paintings
    - użalić się nad kimś to feel sorry for sb, to pity sb
    - użalać się nad sobą a. nad własnym losem to feel sorry for oneself pot., pejor.; to bemoan one’s lot książk., żart.
    - znęcać się nad kimś to torment sb
    - zlituj się nade mną/nad nim have mercy on me/him
    6. (tuż przed) (just) before
    - nad ranem/wieczorem (just) before dawn a. daybreak/dusk a. nightfall
    7. książk. (bardziej niż) than
    - nic straszniejszego nad wojnę nothing more terrible than war
    - cóż piękniejszego nad miłość what can be more beautiful than love?
    - kochać kogoś nad życie to love sb more than life itself
    - nad wszystkie rozrywki uwielbiał kino of all pastimes he adored the cinema more than anything else
    - praca nad siły superhuman work
    - poeta nad poetami a towering poet
    - przebój nad przeboje an all-time hit
    - skandal nad skandale a scandal to end all scandals
    - łotr nad łotrami an arch-villain; a consummate villain książk.
    - nade wszystko above all (else), more than anything (else)
    - nade wszystko cenił spokój he valued peace and quiet more than anything a. above all else
    - była sławna, bogata, a nade wszystko urodziwa she was famous, rich, and, above all, good-looking
    Ⅱ nad- w wyrazach złożonych (wskazujące na wyższy stopień) nadkomisarz chief superintendent GB
    - nadczułość hypersensitivity
    * * *
    prep

    (kierunek) nad morze/rzekę — to the seaside/river

    * * *
    prep.
    + Ins.
    1. (= powyżej, ponad) above, over; nad głową (= w górze) overhead.
    2. (= na brzegu l. krawędzi, blisko) nad (samą) granicą at the (very) border, near the border; nad grobem at the graveside; przen. (= blisko śmierci) at death's door, with one foot in the grave; nad morzem at the seaside, on the sea; nad rzeką/jeziorem on the river/lake; Waszyngton leży nad Potomakiem Washington lies l. is located on the Potomac River; nad przepaścią t. przen. on the edge of a precipice; nad ranem in the early morning.
    3. (przedmiot uwagi l. kontroli) litować się nad kimś feel pity for sb; (= okazywać komuś miłosierdzie) have l. take pity on sb; mieć przewagę nad kimś have the advantage on l. over sb, have the upper hand over sb; opieka nad dziećmi child care; pastwić się nad kimś torment sb; płakać nad czymś cry over sth; rozpaczać nad kimś/czymś lament for sb/sth; sprawować władzę nad kimś/czymś rule sb/sth; form. have/hold dominion over sb/sth; stracić panowanie nad sobą lose one's temper; pot. blow one's top, blow a gasket, hit the ceiling.
    4. (temat rozważań l. dyskusji) debata nad ustawą/wnioskiem debate on a bill/motion; zastanawiać się nad czymś consider sth, pause over sth.
    5. (cel badań l. wysiłków) pracować nad czymś work on sth.
    6. lit. (podkreślenie wyjątkowości; często z archaiczną formą narzędnika) mistrz nad mistrzami l. nad mistrze master of l. over masters; Pieśń nad Pieśniami Bibl. the Song of Songs.
    prep.
    + Acc.
    1. ( cel w przestrzeni) over, above; nad głowę above one's head; (= w górę) up; nad miasto over the town l. city.
    2. (= na brzeg) nad jezioro/morze/rzekę to the lake/sea/river.
    3. lit. ( porównanie lub wybór) than, above; cenić coś nad życie value sth above life; cóż jest (lepszego) nad wino? what (is) better than wine?; nade wszystko above all.

    The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > nad

  • 15 одним махом всех побивахом

    тж. одним махом семерых убивахом
    погов., шутл.
    cf. we can beard the lion in his den; seven at one blow ( of boasting)

    - Мы не можем вести себя так, как будто мы одним махом всех побивахом, - сказал начальник на этом секретном совещании. - Я имею особые указания: не зарываться. (П. Нилин, Жестокость) — 'Let's not pretend that we can beard the lion in his den,' said the chief at the conference. 'I've had special instructions: not to go to extremes.'

    На следующий день всё задуманное преотлично исполнил: и Олег на месте оказался; и права свои в ГАИ забрал...; и страховку успел оформить - ну, просто "одним махом семерых убивахом". (С. Абрамов, Требуется чудо) — The following day everything that had been planned was commendably carried out: Oleg was on the spot; he got his licence back at the traffic regulation department...; and he managed to fill out the insurance forms - all in all, 'seven at one blow'.

    Русско-английский фразеологический словарь > одним махом всех побивахом

  • 16 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 17 contundente

    adj.
    1 blunt (arma, objeto).
    2 convincing, decisive, forceful, conclusive.
    * * *
    1 (arma) blunt
    2 figurado (categórico) convincing, overwhelming, weighty
    ■ un "no" contundente a firm "no"
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) [arma] offensive; [instrumento] blunt
    2) (=aplastante) [argumento] forceful, convincing; [prueba] conclusive; [derrota, victoria] crushing, overwhelming; [tono] forceful; [efecto, método] severe; [arbitraje] strict, severe; [juego] tough, hard, aggressive
    * * *
    a) <objeto/instrumento> blunt; < golpe> severe, heavy
    b) <argumento/respuesta> forceful; < prueba> convincing; < victoria> resounding; < fracaso> crushing
    * * *
    = assertive, cogent, vociferous, vocal, forthright, uncompromising, categorical, unequivocal, categoric, unmitigaged, arresting, power-packed.
    Ex. I tried to say at the very outset of my remarks that there probably has not been sufficient consumer-like and assertive leverage exerted upon our chief suppliers.
    Ex. Children's librarians must plan to meet children's needs, and must be able to articulate the philosophy of children's library services in cogent terms.
    Ex. The reaction came in 1978 -- a vociferous social demand for reading and learning, including a new interest in librarianship.
    Ex. Koelling has been a vocal advocate for successful digitization projects in the museum community.
    Ex. We have been told once, in clear and forthright terms, what it is that we need.
    Ex. What precipitated that furor was that Panizzi's volume represented a uncompromising rejection of the comfortable ideology of the finding catalog.
    Ex. There is a categorical moral imperative for a deepening and a renewal of the concept of collegiality -- that is a blend of intense competition and mutual support -- in relations between research scholars and research librarians.
    Ex. The exhaustive and unequivocal definition of the nature and types of material qualifying to be described as ephemera could probably form the basis of a learned dissertation.
    Ex. The question of the need for categoric assurances is not locked into a 12 month timeframe or any other timeframe.
    Ex. Only Bush could take a horrible situation and create an unmitigated disaster.
    Ex. It is when speakers have no feeling for pause that their speech seems to burble on without any arresting quality; the club bore is a burbler: he has not learnt the eloquence of silence.
    Ex. Eating these power-packed vegetables in their natural state especially garlic increases their health benefits.
    ----
    * demostrar de un modo contundente = demonstrate + beyond (all) doubt, prove + beyond all doubt.
    * pruebas contundentes = hard evidence.
    * * *
    a) <objeto/instrumento> blunt; < golpe> severe, heavy
    b) <argumento/respuesta> forceful; < prueba> convincing; < victoria> resounding; < fracaso> crushing
    * * *
    = assertive, cogent, vociferous, vocal, forthright, uncompromising, categorical, unequivocal, categoric, unmitigaged, arresting, power-packed.

    Ex: I tried to say at the very outset of my remarks that there probably has not been sufficient consumer-like and assertive leverage exerted upon our chief suppliers.

    Ex: Children's librarians must plan to meet children's needs, and must be able to articulate the philosophy of children's library services in cogent terms.
    Ex: The reaction came in 1978 -- a vociferous social demand for reading and learning, including a new interest in librarianship.
    Ex: Koelling has been a vocal advocate for successful digitization projects in the museum community.
    Ex: We have been told once, in clear and forthright terms, what it is that we need.
    Ex: What precipitated that furor was that Panizzi's volume represented a uncompromising rejection of the comfortable ideology of the finding catalog.
    Ex: There is a categorical moral imperative for a deepening and a renewal of the concept of collegiality -- that is a blend of intense competition and mutual support -- in relations between research scholars and research librarians.
    Ex: The exhaustive and unequivocal definition of the nature and types of material qualifying to be described as ephemera could probably form the basis of a learned dissertation.
    Ex: The question of the need for categoric assurances is not locked into a 12 month timeframe or any other timeframe.
    Ex: Only Bush could take a horrible situation and create an unmitigated disaster.
    Ex: It is when speakers have no feeling for pause that their speech seems to burble on without any arresting quality; the club bore is a burbler: he has not learnt the eloquence of silence.
    Ex: Eating these power-packed vegetables in their natural state especially garlic increases their health benefits.
    * demostrar de un modo contundente = demonstrate + beyond (all) doubt, prove + beyond all doubt.
    * pruebas contundentes = hard evidence.

    * * *
    1 ‹objeto/instrumento› blunt
    fue golpeado con un objeto contundente he was hit with a blunt instrument
    le asestó un golpe contundente he dealt her a severe o heavy blow
    2 ‹argumento› forceful, convincing; ‹prueba› convincing, conclusive; ‹victoria› resounding ( before n); ‹fracaso› crushing, overwhelming
    el candidato fue elegido de forma contundente the candidate was elected by an overwhelming majority
    hizo un ademán contundente he made an emphatic gesture
    fue contundente en sus declaraciones he was most emphatic o categorical in his statements
    * * *

     

    contundente adjetivo
    a) ‹objeto/instrumento› blunt;

    ‹ golpe› severe, heavy
    b) ‹argumento/respuesta› forceful;

    ‹ prueba› convincing;
    ‹fracaso/victoria› resounding ( before n);

    contundente adjetivo
    1 (convincente) convincing
    (concluyente) conclusive
    2 (golpe) heavy
    (objeto) blunt
    ' contundente' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    tajante
    English:
    forcible
    - hard-hitting
    - sound
    - stunning
    - telling
    - blunt
    - clinch
    - decisive
    * * *
    1. [arma, objeto] blunt;
    lanzaron objetos contundentes contra la policía they threw heavy objects at the police
    2. [golpe] heavy;
    3. [razonamiento, argumento] forceful, convincing;
    [prueba] conclusive, convincing; [victoria] comprehensive, resounding;
    la empresa dio una respuesta contundente a los huelguistas the company dealt with the strikers decisively;
    se mostró contundente al exigir la dimisión del secretario general he was quite categorical in demanding the resignation of the general secretary
    * * *
    adj arma blunt; fig: derrota overwhelming
    * * *
    1) : blunt
    un objeto contundente: a blunt instrument
    2) : forceful, convincing

    Spanish-English dictionary > contundente

  • 18 दण्डः _daṇḍḥ _ण्डम् _ṇḍam

    दण्डः ण्डम् [दण्ड्-अच्]
    1 A stick, staff, rod, mace, club, cudgel; पततु शिरस्यकाण्डयमदण्ड इवैष भूजः Māl.5.31; काष्ठदण्डः.
    -2 The sceptre of a king, the rod as a symbol of authority and punishment; आत्तदण्डः Ś.5.8.
    -3 The staff given to a twice-born man at the time of investiture with the sacred thread; cf Ms.2.45-48.
    -4 The staff of a संन्यासिन् or ascetic.
    -5 The trunk of an elephant.
    -6 The stem or stalk as of a lotus, tree &c.; U.1.31; Māl.9.14; the handle as of an umbrella; ब्रह्माण्डच्छत्रदण्डः &c. Dk.1 (opening verse); राज्यं स्वहस्तधृतदण्डमिवातपत्रम् Ś.5.6; Ku.7.89; so कमल- दण्ड &c.
    -7 The oar of a boat.
    -8 An arm or leg (at the end of comp.)
    -9 The staff or pole of a ban- ner, a tent &c.
    -1 The beam of a plough.
    -11 The cross-bar of a lute or a stringed instrument.
    -12 The stick with which an instrument is played.
    -13 A churning-stick.
    -14 Fine; Ms.8.341;9.229; Y.2.237.
    -15 Chastisement, corporal punishment, punishment in general; यथापराधदण्डानाम् R.1.6; एवं राजापथ्यकारिषु ती- क्ष्णदण्डो राजा Mu.1; दण्डं दण्ड्येषु पातयेत् Ms.8.126; कृतदण्ड स्वयं राज्ञा लेभे शूद्रः सतां गतिम् R.15.23. यथार्हदण्डो (राजा) पूज्यः Kau. A.1.4; सुविज्ञातप्रणीतो हि दण्डः प्रजां धर्मार्थकामै- र्योजयति Kau. A.1.4
    -16 Imprisonment.
    -17 Attack, assault, violence, punishment, the last of the four expe- dients; see उपाय; सामादीनामुपायानां चतुर्णामपि पण्डिताः । साम- दण्डौ प्रशंसन्ति नित्यं राष्ट्राभिवृद्धये ॥ Ms.7.19; cf. Śi.2.54.
    -18 An army; तस्य दण्डवतो दण्डः स्वदेहान्न व्यशिष्यत R.17. 62; Ms.7.65;9.294; Ki.2.15.
    -19 A form of mili- tary array; Mb.12.59.4.
    -2 Subjection, control, restraint; वाग्दण्डो$थ मनोदण्डः कायदण्डस्तथैव च । यस्यैते निहिता बुद्धौ त्रिदण्डीति स उच्यते ॥ Ms.12.1.
    -21 A measure of length equal to 4 Hastas; Bṛi. S.24.9.
    -22 The penis.
    -23 Pride; या चापि न्यस्तदण्डानां तां गतिं व्रज पुत्रक Mb. 7.78.25.
    -24 The body.
    -25 An epithet of Yama.
    -26 N. of Viṣṇu.
    -27 N. of Śiva.
    -28 An attendant on the sun.
    -29 A horse (said to be m. only in this and the preceding four senses).
    -3 A particular appear- ance in the sky (similar to a stick).
    -31 An uninter- rupted row or series, a line.
    -32 Standing upright or erect.
    -33 A corner, an angle.
    -34 The Science of Govt. विनयमूलो दण्डः, दण्डमूलास्तिस्त्रो विद्याः Kau. A.1.5.
    -35 Harm, injury; न्यासो दण्डस्य भूतेषु मनोवाक्कायजस्य यः Bhāg.7. 15.8.
    -Comp. -अजिनम् 1 staff and hide (as outer badges of devotion).
    -2 (fig.) hypocrisy, deceit.
    -अधिपः a chief magistrate.
    -अनीकम् a detachment or division of an army; तव हृतवतो दण्डानीकैर्विदर्भपतेः श्रियम् M.5.2.
    -अप (व) तानकः tetanus, lock-jaw.
    -अपूपन्यायः see under न्याय.
    -अर्ह a. fit to be chastised, deserving punishment.
    -अलसिका cholera.
    -आख्यम् a house with two wings, one facing the north and the other the east; Bṛi. S.53. 39.
    -आघातः a blow with a stick; पूर्वप्रविष्ठान्क्रोधात्तान्दण्डा- घातैरताडयन् Ks.54.23.
    -आज्ञा judicial sentence.
    -आश्रमः the condition of a pilgrim.
    -आश्रमिन् m. a devotee, an ascetic.
    -आसनम्, दण्डकासनम् lying prostrate on the ground, a kind of Āsana; Yoga S.2.46.
    -आहतम् buttermilk.
    -उद्यमः 1 threatening.
    -2 (pl.) application of power; निःसाराल्पफलानि ये त्वविधिना वाञ्छन्ति दण्डोद्यमैः Pt.1.376.
    -कर्मन् n. infliction of punishment, chastisement; देशकालवयःशक्ति संचिन्त्यं दण्डकर्मणि Y.2.275.
    -कलितम् repetition like a measuring rod, i. e. doing a matter after it is done in full first and then repeating it like that a second time and so on; आवृत्तिन्यायानां दण्ड- कलितं न्याय्यम् । ŚB. on MS.1.5.83; ˚वत् ind. in the manner of a measuring rod.
    -कल्पः Infliction of punishment; शुद्धचित्रश्च दण्डकल्पः Kau. A.4.
    -काकः a raven.
    -काण्ठम् a wooden club or staff; दण्डकाष्ठमवलम्ब्य स्थितः Ś2.
    -ग्रहणम् assumption of the staff of an asce- tic or pilgrim, becoming a mendicant.
    -घ्न a. striking with a stick, committing an assault; Ms.8.386.
    -चक्रः a division of an army.
    -छदनम् a room in which utensils of various kinds are kept.
    -ढक्का a kind of drum.
    -दासः one who has become a slave from non-payment of a debt; Ms.8.415.
    -देवकुलम् a court of justice.
    -धर, -धार a.
    1 carrying a staff, staff- bearer.
    -2 punishing, chastising; दत्ताभये त्वयि यमादपि दण्डधारे U.2.11.
    -3 exercising judicial authority.
    (-रः) 1 a king; श्रमनुदं मनुदण्डधरान्वयम् R.9.3; बलीयानबलं ग्रसते दण्डधराभावे Kau. A.1.4.
    -2 N. of Yama; यमो निहन्ता......दण्डधरश्च कालः
    -3 a judge, supreme magistrate.
    -4 a mendicant carrying a staff.
    -5 a potter.
    -6 a general (of an army;) Dk.2.
    -धारणम् 1 carrying a staff (as by a Brahmachārin).
    -2 following the order of a mendicant.
    -3 infliction of punishment.
    -नायकः 1 a judge, a head police-officer, a magistrate.
    -2 the leader of an army, a general.
    -3 a king. ˚पुरुषः a policeman, constable.
    -निधानम् pardoning, indulgence; Mb.12.
    -निपातनम् punishing, chastising.
    -नीतिः f.
    1 administration of justice, judicature.
    -2 the system of civil and military administration, the science of poli- tics, polity; Ms.7.43; Y.1.311; फलान्युपायुङ्क्त स दण्ड- नीतेः R.18.46; जरातुरः संप्रति दण्डनीत्या सर्वं नृपस्यानुकरोमि वृत्तम् Nāg.4.1.
    -3 an epithet of Durgā.
    -नेतृ m.
    1 a king.
    -2 Yama; गृध्रा रुषा मम कृषन्त्यधिदण्डनेतुः Bhāg.3.16. 1.
    -3 a judge; Ms.12.1; Bhāg.4.22.45.
    -पः a king.
    -पांशुलः a porter, door-keeper.
    -पाणिः 1 an epithet of Yama; करोमि चिकित्सां दण्डपाणिरिव जनतायाः Bhāg.5.1.7.
    -2 N. of the god Śiva at Benares.
    -3 a policeman; इति पश्चात्प्रविष्टास्ते पुरुषा दण्डपाणयः Ks.54.23.
    -पातः 1 falling of a stick.
    -2 infliction of punishment.
    -3 dropping one line in a manuscript.
    -पातनम् inflic- tion of punishment, chastisement.
    -पारुष्यम् 1 assault, violence.
    -2 hard or cruel infliction of punishment; अत ऊर्ध्वं प्रवक्ष्यामि दण्डपारुष्यनिर्णयम् Ms.8.278.
    -पालः, -पालकः 1 a head magistrate.
    -2 a door-keeper, porter. Kau. A.1.12.
    -3 Ns. of two kinds of fishes; L. D. B.
    -पाशकः, -पाशिकः 1 a head police-officer; Pt.2; उच्यता- मस्मद्वचनात्कालपाशिको दण्डपाशिकश्च Mu.1.2-21.
    -2 a hangman, an executioner.
    -पोणम् a strainer furnished with a handle.
    -प्रणामः 1 bowing by prostrating the body at full length (keeping it erect like a stick). cf. साष्टाङ्गनमस्कार.
    -2 falling flat or prostrate on the ground.
    -बालधिः an elephant.
    -भङ्गः non-execution of a sentence.
    -भृत् m.
    1 a potter.
    -2 an epithet of Yama.
    -माण (न)वः 1 a staff-bearer
    -2 an ascetic bearing a staff; Rām.2.32.18.
    -3 a chief or leader.
    -माथः a principal road, highway.
    -मुखः a leader, general of an army.
    -यात्रा 1 a solemn procession (particularly bridal).
    -2 warlike expedition, conquest (of a region).
    -यामः 1 an epithet of Yama.
    -2 of Agastya.
    -3 a day.
    -लेशम् a small fine; Ms.8.51.
    -वधः capital punishment.
    -वाचिक a. actual or verbal (assault); Ms.8.6; cf. वाक्-पारुष्यम्.
    -वादिन् a. reprimanding, censuring, threatening with punishment; (also -m.).
    -वारित a. forbidden by threat of punishment.
    -वासिकः a door-keeper, warder.
    -वासिन् m.
    1 a door-keeper.
    -2 a magistrate.
    -वाहिन् m. a police-officer.
    -विकल्पः discretion given to an officer in awarding punishment or fine; Ms.9.228.
    -विधिः 1 rule of punishment; see दण्डोद्यमः
    -2 criminal law.
    -विष्कम्भः the post to which the string of a churning-stick is fastened.
    -व्यूहः a particular form of arranging troops, arranging them in long lines or columns; Ms.7.187.
    -शास्त्रम् the science of inflicting punishment, criminal law.
    -हस्तः 1 a door-keeper, warder, porter.
    -2 an epithet of Yama.

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > दण्डः _daṇḍḥ _ण्डम् _ṇḍam

  • 19 mando

    m.
    1 command, authority.
    estar al mando (de) to be in charge (of)
    2 control (device).
    mando automático/a distancia automatic/remote control
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: mandar.
    * * *
    1 (autoridad) command
    2 (período) term of office
    3 (persona) person in charge; (oficial) officer
    4 (botón) control
    \
    ejercer el mando to be in charge
    estar al mando de to be in charge of
    alto mando high-ranking officer
    mandos intermedios middle management
    mandos militares military officers
    mandos policiales police officers
    mando a distancia (sistema) remote control 2 (aparato) remote control unit
    * * *
    noun m.
    •
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=poder) command

    • al mando de — [+ pelotón, flota] in command of; [+ asociación, expedición, país] in charge of; [+ capitán, jefe] under the command o orders of, led by

    con ella al mando, mejorarán las cosas — with her in charge, things will get better

    estuvo al mando del país durante muchos años — he was in power for many years, he led the country for many years

    las tropas estaban al mando de un general extranjero — the troops were under the command o orders of a foreign general o were led by a foreign general

    • alto mando — high command

    • tomar el mando — (Mil) to take command; (Dep) to take the lead

    dote 2), voz 3)
    2) [de máquina, vehículo] control

    • a los mandos de algo — at the controls of sth

    • cuadro de mandos — control panel

    • mando a la izquierda — left-hand drive

    • palanca de mando — [de máquina] control lever; [de avión] joystick

    • tablero de mandos — control panel

    3) (=período de mando) term of office
    4) pl mandos (=autoridades) (Mil) high-ranking officers, senior officers; (Pol) high-ranking members, senior members

    mandos intermedios, mandos medios — LAm (Com) middle management

    mandos militares — high-ranking officers, senior officers

    * * *
    1)
    a) (Gob, Mil) command
    b)
    2) (Dep) lead
    3) (Auto, Elec) control
    •
    * * *
    ----
    * al mando = in the saddle.
    * al mando (de) = at the helm (of), in charge (of).
    * bastón de mando = gavel, ceremonial staff, staff.
    * cadena de mando = chain of command, line of command, scalar chain of authority, scalar chain of command, scalar chain.
    * Cuadro de Mando Integral (CMI) = Balanced Scorecard (BSC).
    * cuadro de mandos = circuit board, dashboard.
    * cuartillo de mandos eléctricos = electrical closet.
    * en el mando = at the wheel.
    * línea de mando = line of authority, line of command.
    * llevar el mando = rule + the roost.
    * mando a distancia = remote control, remote controller.
    * mando militar = military command.
    * palanca de mando = joystick.
    * poner a Alguien al mando de = put + Nombre + in charge of.
    * seguir con el mando = stay in + control.
    * tablero de mandos = dashboard.
    * tener el mando = rule + the roost.
    * tomar el mando = take + the helm.
    * tomar el relevo en el mando = take over + the helm.
    * vara de mando = ceremonial staff.
    * * *
    1)
    a) (Gob, Mil) command
    b)
    2) (Dep) lead
    3) (Auto, Elec) control
    •
    * * *
    * al mando = in the saddle.
    * al mando (de) = at the helm (of), in charge (of).
    * bastón de mando = gavel, ceremonial staff, staff.
    * cadena de mando = chain of command, line of command, scalar chain of authority, scalar chain of command, scalar chain.
    * Cuadro de Mando Integral (CMI) = Balanced Scorecard (BSC).
    * cuadro de mandos = circuit board, dashboard.
    * cuartillo de mandos eléctricos = electrical closet.
    * en el mando = at the wheel.
    * línea de mando = line of authority, line of command.
    * llevar el mando = rule + the roost.
    * mando a distancia = remote control, remote controller.
    * mando militar = military command.
    * palanca de mando = joystick.
    * poner a Alguien al mando de = put + Nombre + in charge of.
    * seguir con el mando = stay in + control.
    * tablero de mandos = dashboard.
    * tener el mando = rule + the roost.
    * tomar el mando = take + the helm.
    * tomar el relevo en el mando = take over + the helm.
    * vara de mando = ceremonial staff.
    * * *
    A
    1 ( Gob, Mil) command
    el mando supremo de las Fuerzas Armadas the supreme command of the Armed Forces
    tiene dotes de mando she has leadership qualities
    entregó el mando a su sucesor he handed over command to his successor
    las cosas van a cambiar con ella al mando things are going to change now she's in charge o ( colloq) in the saddle
    2
    al mando de algo in charge of sth
    quedó/lo pusieron al mando de la empresa he was put in charge of the company
    la expedición iba al mando de un conocido científico the expedition was led by a well-known scientist
    Compuestos:
    mpl military commanders (pl)
    B ( Dep) lead
    tomar el mando to take the lead
    C ( Auto, Elec) control; (de TV, DVD) remote control
    Compuesto:
    remote control
    * * *

     

    Del verbo mandar: ( conjugate mandar)

    mando es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    mandó es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    mandar    
    mando
    mandar ( conjugate mandar) verbo transitivo
    1
    a) ( ordenar):


    haz lo que te mandan do as you're told;
    la mandó callar he told o ordered her to be quiet;
    mandó que sirvieran la comida she ordered lunch to be served


    2 ( enviar) to send;

    3 (AmL) ( tratándose de encargos):

    mandó decir que … she sent a message to say that …;
    mando algo a arreglar to get o have sth mended
    4 (AmL fam) (arrojar, lanzar):
    ◊ mandó la pelota fuera de la cancha he kicked/sent/hit the ball out of play

    verbo intransitivo ( ser el jefe) to be in charge, be the boss (colloq);
    ◊ ¿mande? (Méx) (I'm) sorry?, pardon?;

    ¡María! — ¿mande? (Méx) María! — yes?
    mando sustantivo masculino
    1 ( en general) command;

    dotes de mando leadership qualities;
    estar al mando (de algo) to be in charge (of sth)
    2 (Auto, Elec) control;

    mandar verbo transitivo
    1 (dar órdenes) to order: me mandó barrer el suelo, she told me to sweep the floor
    2 (remitir) to send: le mandaré unas flores, I'll send him some flowers
    te manda saludos, she sends you her regards
    mándalo por correo, send it by post
    nos mandaron a por unos huevos, they sent us for some eggs
    3 (capitanear, dirigir) to lead, be in charge o command of
    Mil to command
    mando sustantivo masculino
    1 (autoridad) command, control: ahora es él quien tiene el mando, now he's the one in charge
    es una decisión de los altos mandos, the decision comes from the top
    2 Téc (control) controls pl: los mandos no responden, the controls don't respond
    Auto cuadro o tablero de mandos, dashboard
    mando a distancia, remote control
    ' mando' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    dirigir
    - dote
    - gobierno
    - mandar
    - puente
    - puesta
    - puesto
    - timón
    - alto
    - comandante
    - comando
    - cuadro
    - don
    - mismo
    - palanca
    - recado
    English:
    assume
    - blow
    - bridge
    - busywork
    - charge
    - command
    - command post
    - control
    - joystick
    - limber up
    - remote control
    - roost
    - take over
    - under
    - cock
    - commanding
    - dual
    - flight
    - follow
    - joy
    - lead
    - leadership
    - pack
    - posse
    - remote
    * * *
    mando nm
    1. [poder] command, authority;
    entregar el mando to hand over command;
    estar al mando (de) to be in charge (of);
    el grupo de rescate está al mando de un capitán the rescue group are under the command of a captain;
    tomar el mando (de) to take command o control (of)
    2. [jefe]
    el alto mando the high command;
    los mandos [militares] the command;
    los mandos policiales se reunieron para discutir la visita papal senior police officers met to discuss the Pope's visit;
    mandos intermedios middle management
    3. [dispositivo] control;
    tomó los mandos del avión he took the controls of the plane;
    tablero de mandos [de avión] instrument panel;
    [de coche] dashboard mando automático automatic control;
    mando a distancia remote control
    * * *
    m command;
    alto mando high command;
    mando a distancia TV remote control;
    cuadro de mandos AVIA instrument panel;
    estar al mando de be in charge of
    * * *
    mando nm
    1) : command, leadership
    2) : control (for a device)
    mando a distancia: remote control
    3)
    al mando de : in charge of
    4)
    al mando de : under the command of
    * * *
    1. (autoridad) command
    2. (dispositivo) control

    Spanish-English dictionary > mando

  • 20 मुखम् _mukham

    मुखम् [खन् अच् डित् धातोः पूर्वं मुट् च cf. Uṇ.5.2]
    1 The mouth (fig. also); प्रजासृजा यतः खातं तस्मादाहुर्मुखं बुधाः; ब्राह्मणो$स्य मुखमासीत् Ṛv.1.9.12; सभ्रूभङ्गं मुखमिव Me.24; त्वं मम मुखं भव V.1 'be my mouth or spokes- man'.
    -2 The face, countenance; परिवृत्तार्धमुखी मयाद्य दृष्टा V.1.17; नियमक्षाममुखी धृतैकवेणिः Ś.7.21; so चन्द्रमुखी, मुखचन्द्रः &c; ओष्ठौ च दन्तमूलानि दन्ता जिह्वा च तालु च । गलो गलादि सकलं सप्ताङ्गं मुखमुच्यते ॥
    -3 The snout or muzzle (of any animal).
    -4 The front, van, forepart; head, top; (लोचने) हरति मे हरिवाहनदिङ्मुखम् V.3.6.
    -5 The tip, point, barb (of an arrow), head; पुरारि- मप्राप्तमुखः शिलीमुखः Ku.5.54; R.3.57.
    -6 The edge or sharp point (of any instrument).
    -7 A teat, nipple; मध्ये यथा श्याममुखस्य तस्य मृणालसूत्रान्तरमप्य- लभ्यम् Ku.1.4; R.3.8.
    -8 The beak or bill of a bird.
    -9 A direction, quarter; as in अन्तर्मुख.
    -1 Opening, entrance, mouth; नीवाराः शुकगर्भकोटरमुखभ्रष्टास्तरूणामधः Ś.1.14; नदीमुखेनेव समुद्रमाविशत् R.3.28; Ku.1.8.
    -11 An entrance to a house, a door, passage.
    -12 Begin- ning, commencement; सखीजनोद्वीक्षणकौमुदीमुखम् R.3.1; दिनमुखानि रविर्हिमनिग्रहैर्विमलयन् मलयं नगमत्यजत् 9.25;5.76; Ghaṭ.2.
    -13 Introduction.
    -14 The chief, the principal or prominent (at the end of comp. in this sense); बन्धोन्मुक्त्यै खलु मखमुखान् कुर्वते कर्मपाशान् Bv.4.21; so इन्द्रमुखा देवाः &c.
    -15 The surface or upper side.
    -16 A means.
    -17 A source, cause, occasion.
    -18 Utterance; as in मुखसुख; speaking, speech, tongue; आत्मनो मुखदोषेण बध्यन्ते शुकसारिकाः Pt.4.44.
    -19 The Vedas, scripture.
    -2 (In Rhet.) The original cause or source of the action in a drama.
    -21 The first term in a progression (in alg.).
    -22 The side opposite to the base of a figure (in geom.).
    -Comp. -अग्निः 1 a forest conflagration.
    -2 a sort of goblin with a face of fire.
    -3 the conse- crated or sacrificial fire.
    -4 fire put into the mouth of a corpse at the time of lighting the funeral pile.
    -5 a Brāhmaṇa.
    -अनिलः, -उच्छ्वासः breath.
    -अस्त्रः a crab.
    -आकारः look, mien, appearance.
    -आक्षेपः 1 an inve- ctive.
    -2 the act of throwing up soil with the plough- share.
    -आसवः nectar of the lips.
    -आस्रवः, -स्रावः spittle, saliva.
    -आस्वादः kissing the mouth; Y.
    -इन्दुः a moon-like face, i. e. a round lovely face.
    -उच्छ्वासः breath.
    -उल्का a forest-conflagration.
    -कमलम् a lotus- like face.
    -खुरः a tooth.
    -गन्धकः an onion.
    -गोपनम् concealment of the face; अवधीरितमुखमण्डलमुखगोपनं किमिति Udb.
    -ग्रहणम् kissing the mouth.
    -घण्टा f. hurraying of women in festivities.
    -चन्द्रः a moon-like face.
    - चपल a. talkative, garrulous.
    -चपेटिका a slap on the face.
    -चालिः an introductory dance;
    -चीरिः f. the tongue.
    -चूर्णम् scented powder to smear the face with; छविकरं मुखचूर्णमृतुश्रियः R.9.45.
    -जः 1 a Brāhmaṇa.
    -2 a tooth.
    -जाहम् the root of the mouth.
    -दूषणः an onion.
    -दूषिका an eruption disfiguring the face.
    -दोषः fault of the tongue; आत्मनो मुखदोषेण बध्यन्ते शुकसारिकाः Pt.4.44.
    -निरीक्षकः a lazy fellow, an idler.
    -निवासिनी an epithet of Sarasvatī.
    -पटः a veil; कुर्वन् कामं क्षणमुखपट- प्रीतिमैरावतस्य Me.64.
    -पाकः inflammation of the mouth; द्राक्षाविपाकसमये मुखपाको भवति काकानाम् Udb.
    -पिण्डः a mouthful of food; cf. को न याति वशं लोके मुखपिण्डेन पूरितः Bh.2.118.
    -पुष्पकम् a kind of ornament.
    -पूरणम् 1 fil- ling the mouth.
    -2 a mouthful of water, a mouth- ful in general.
    -प्रसादः a pleased countenance, gra- ciousness of aspect.
    -प्रसाधनम् dacorating the face.
    -प्रियः an orange. (
    -यम्) cloves.
    -प्रेक्ष a. observing or watching the face.
    -फुल्लकम् a kind of ornament.
    -बन्धः a preface, an introduction.
    -बन्धनम् 1 a preface.
    -2 a lid, cover.
    -भगा (a woman) who suf- fers her mouth to be used as a vulva.
    -भङ्गः 1 a blow on the face.
    -2 wry face, grimace.
    -भूषणम् a preparation of betel; see ताम्बूल.
    -भेदः 1 distortion of the face.
    -2 gaping.
    -मण़्डनकः a kind of tree (तिलक).
    -मण्डलम् the (round) face.
    -मधु a. honey-mouthed, sweet-lipped.
    -माधुर्यम् a particular disease of the phlegm.
    -मारुतः breath.
    -मार्जनम् washing the face.
    -मुद्रा silence; यापदृष्टिरपि या मुखमुद्रा N.5.12.
    -मोदः Hyperanthera Moringa (Mar. शेवगा).
    -यन्त्रणम् the bit of a bridle.
    -रज्जुः f. the bridle of a horse.
    -रसः speech, talk; मधुरमुखरसामृतकलया चान्तस्तापमनघार्हसि क्षमयितुम् Bhag.6.9.41.
    -रागः the colour or complexion of the face; ददृशुर्विस्मितास्तस्य मुखरागं समं जनाः R.12.8;17.31; तव खलु मुखरागो यत्र भेदं प्रयातः Śi.11.31.
    -रेखा feature, mien, air.
    -रोगः a disease of the mouth or face.
    -लाङ्गलः a hog.
    -लेपः 1 anointing the face or upper side (of a drum); मृदङ्गो मुखलेपेन करोति मुखरध्वनिम् Bh. 2.118.
    -2 a disease of the phlegmatic humour.
    -वल्लभः the pomegranate tree.
    -वस्त्रिका a piece of fine cloth (net) held before the face (Mar. बुरखा).
    -वाद्यम् 1 an instrument of music sounded with the mouth, any wind-instrument.
    -2 a sound made with the mouth; (Mar. बोंब).
    -वासः, -वासनम् a perfume used to scent breath.
    -विलुण्ठिका a she-goat.
    -विषमः one of the ways of embezzlement namely misrepresentation of the source of income; Kau. A.2.8.
    -विष्ठा a species of cockroach.
    -वैरस्यम् bad taste in the mouth.
    -व्यादानम् gaping, yawning.
    -शफ a. abusive, foul-mouthed, scurrilous.
    -शाला entrance-hall, vestibule.
    -शुद्धिः f. washing or purifying the mouth.
    -शृङ्गः a rhinoceros.
    -शेषः an epithet of Rāhu.
    -शोधन a.
    1 cleansing the mouth.
    -2 pungent, sharp. (
    -नः) the sharp flavour, pungency.
    (-नम्) 1 cleansing the mouth.
    -2 cinnamon.
    -शोधिन् m. the citron tree.
    -शोषः dryness of the mouth.
    -श्रीः f. 'beauty of countenance', a lovely face.
    -संदंशः forceps.
    -संधिः m. A kind of fugue; S. D. 6th Parichcheda.
    -संभवः a Brāhmaṇa.
    -सुखम् facility of pronunciation, phonetic ease.
    -सुरम् the nectar of the lips (अधरामृत).
    -स्रावः saliva.
    -हासः cheerfulness or liveliness of countenance; सकमलमुखहासं वीक्षितः पद्मिनीभिः Śi.11.47.

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > मुखम् _mukham

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  • Hail to the Chief — Une version des paroles de la chanson. Hail to the Chief est une marche musicale que l’on associe principalement aux présidents des États …   Wikipédia en Français

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